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61.
若尔盖湿地3种无尾两栖类不同发育阶段的生态位宽度 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
研究了若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区的3种无尾两栖类,高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)、倭蛙(Nanorana pleskei)和岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanicus)的成体和亚成体在7个生境因子(牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被高度、植被盖度、距水塘距离、地表温度、地表湿度)上的生态位宽度.结果表明,岷山蟾蜍成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被盖度、地表温度、地表湿度5个维度上的生态位宽度最窄,其亚成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、植被高度、距水塘距离、地表湿度5个维度上的生态位宽度最宽;倭蛙亚成体在牧场性质、牛粪数量、地表温度、地表湿度4个维度上的生态位宽度最窄,而其成体在牛粪数量、植被高度、植被盖度、距水塘距离4个维度上的生态位宽度最宽;高原林蛙在微气候因子的两个维度上具有较大的生态位宽度值,而在水塘距离维度上的生态位宽度值则很小.当人类活动导致生境变更时,倭蛙的反应最为敏感;比较3种无尾两栖类在不同生长阶段(成体、亚成体)的生态位宽度,发现它们利用资源的策略不同.表3参16 相似文献
62.
Tom B. Letessier Laura Mannocci Brittney Goodwin Clare Embling Asha de Vos R. Charles Anderson Simon N. Ingram Andy Rogan Samuel T. Turvey 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14043
Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery. 相似文献
63.
Predictive models of species distributions are typically developed with data collected along roads. Roadside sampling may provide a biased (nonrandom) sample; however, it is currently unknown whether roadside sampling limits the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models. We tested whether roadside sampling affects the accuracy of predictions generated by species distribution models by using a prospective sampling strategy designed specifically to address this issue. We built models from roadside data and validated model predictions at paired locations on unpaved roads and 200 m away from roads (off road), spatially and temporally independent from the data used for model building. We predicted species distributions of 15 bird species on the basis of point-count data from a landbird monitoring program in Montana and Idaho (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical occupancy models to account for imperfect detection. We expected predictions of species distributions derived from roadside-sampling data would be less accurate when validated with data from off-road sampling than when it was validated with data from roadside sampling and that model accuracy would be differentially affected by whether species were generalists, associated with edges, or associated with interior forest. Model performance measures (kappa, area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic plot, and true skill statistic) did not differ between model predictions of roadside and off-road distributions of species. Furthermore, performance measures did not differ among edge, generalist, and interior species, despite a difference in vegetation structure along roadsides and off road and that 2 of the 15 species were more likely to occur along roadsides. If the range of environmental gradients is surveyed in roadside-sampling efforts, our results suggest that surveys along unpaved roads can be a valuable, unbiased source of information for species distribution models. 相似文献
64.
面向21世纪城市绿化发展的思路与对策——以上海为例 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
王祥荣 《城市环境与城市生态》1999,(1)
本文以上海为例,探讨了生态平衡、生态位配置、互惠共生和物种多样性等生态学原理在绿地生态建设中的理论和实际应用意义,并从城市绿地指标确定、合理规划布局、丰富植物材料、城市自然公园建设及立体绿化等方面分析讨论了面向21世纪我国城市绿化发展的思路与对策。 相似文献
65.
不同生态位城市用地扩张和经济发展的互动关系研究——以广东省为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
城市化过程往往具有阶段性,不同用地规模、等级或区域的城市用地扩张,具有不同的阶段性,它们与连续性经济发展之间的互动关系有显著的差别。论文以广东省21个地级及以上城市为研究对象,根据研究对象1995—2010年生态位值的变化情况,将21个城市分为4个等级,结合4种方法从不同角度对不同等级城市用地扩张和经济发展之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,研究城市扩张和经济发展关系的方法应该基于完全市场化的基本假设,而且需要应用多种方法从不同角度进行综合诊断。生态位的方法能够恰当地区分城市扩张与经济发展关系的级别,不同生态位的城市用地扩张和经济发展具有不同的关联机制。大部分高生态城市用地扩张和经济发展符合库兹涅茨曲线关系,并能用Logistic蒂模型拟合,两者之间长期均衡关系也较显著,高生态位城市以弱脱钩状态为主。高生态位城市占有较大的空间和较多的资源,市场化水平也较高,城市扩张与经济发展关系密切。大部分低生态位城市不满足库兹涅茨曲线关系,少数城市能用Logistic蒂模型拟合,两者之间长期均衡关系也不显著,低生态位城市以强脱钩状态为主。低生态位城市所占有的空间和资源都比较少,市场化水平也较低,尽管城市扩张与经济发展也有一定的关系,但表现不明显。就目前而言,大部分城市规模已接近城市扩张的上限,高生态位城市应利用管理和技术等手段,不断提高资源利用效率和集约化水平,推动经济可持续发展。低生态位城市应逐渐改变城乡土地二元结构,调整内部产业结构,实现经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
66.
2009年8月21日对枝江市作为饮用水源的石子岭水库浮游植物和水体营养盐状况进行了调查.结果表明,该水库已经发生了微囊藻水华;浮游植物群落结构定量分析和多样性指数计算表明石子岭水库明显富营养化,惠氏微囊藻是是群落中绝对优势种.同时浮游植物生态位测度值表明微囊藻等蓝藻在时下的生态因子作用下将呈现逐渐衰退,而绿藻种群扩张,水库中浮游植物明显呈现由蓝藻优势向绿藻优势群落演替趋势.测定叶绿素荧光参数,以了解微囊藻水华的生长状态,比较研究中午强光下和经过24 h暗恢复及与室内培养的惠氏微囊藻三者的差异,表明夏末秋初阶段水库中微囊藻受到了一定的光照胁迫.水库中营养盐分析表明过高的总氮、总磷浓度和适宜的N/P比可能是水华暴发的主要原因,同时也是导致石子岭水库浮游植物呈现特定的群落结构特征的关键因素. 相似文献
67.
岷江上游山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
山区聚落生态位反映聚落在山地垂直方向上所处的空间位置及人类生活所能利用的资源空间,是当地居民长期适应山地自然环境的结果。基于岷江上游各民族山区聚落生态位和气象、社会、地形驱动因子的空间分布,借助冗余分析,构建山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间的多水平贝叶斯模型,定量刻画聚落生态位的民族属性对山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系的影响。结果表明:(1)影响研究区域内1 667个与各民族聚落生态位地理特征的驱动因子有显著差异,海拔和坡度对前者影响较大,海拔、坡度、干季和湿季湿度、距河流距离对后者影响较大,且海拔对两者的影响程度都最大,海拔和坡度地形驱动因子与干、湿季湿度和距河流距离间的相关性较弱。(2)干、湿季湿度气象驱动因子对藏-羌聚落生态位地理特征影响较大,距河流距离和距县城距离社会驱动因子、海拔和坡度地形驱动因子对藏族聚落生态位地理特征影响较大,这与藏族聚落生态位的分布面积和个数有关。(3)民族类型对聚落生态位地理特征指标与气象因子干季湿度间关系的影响最大,对聚落生态位地理特征指标与地形因子坡度间关系的影响最小。岷江上游山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系的研究,为量化山区聚落生态位与山地环境的关系提供了有效的数据支撑。 相似文献
68.
从生态位到可持续发展位:概念的演进 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
庄悦群 《中国人口.资源与环境》2005,15(4):1-4
生态位概念是生态学的一大基石,它主要有基础生态位、实际生态位和多维生态位三个基本概念。而由生态位概念发展来的生态位理论则是生态学的支柱。由于生态位概念揭示的是生态个体、种群和物种生存与竞争的普遍规律。因此。20世纪80年代以来。它开始被引入社会科学研究的领域。成为研究人类社会巨系统中的一个分析工具。由此也有了从生态位到发展位。再到可持续发展位的演进。由生态位概念发展而来的基于可持续发展理论的可持续发展位概念,是我们研究全球可持续发展体系的一个重要视角。由于构成可持续发展位的可持续发展因子的集合不同,形成了不同的“可持续发展位。概念,主要有可持续发展基本位,可持续发展理想位,可持续发展优势位和可持续发展关键位,它们共同成为“可持续发展位”的不同一性。 相似文献
69.
Soil arsenic contamination is of great concern because of its toxicity to human, crops, and soil microorganisms. However, the impacts of arsenic on soil ammonia oxidizers communities remain unclear. Seven types of soil spiked with 0 or 100 mg arsenic per kg soil were incubated for 180 days and sampled at days 1, 15, 30, 90 and 180. The changes in the community composition and abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, clone library sequencing, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting amoA gene. Results revealed considerable variations in the potential ammonia oxidation (PAO) rates in different soils, but soil PAO was not consistently significantly inhibited by arsenic, probably due to the low bioavailable arsenic contents or the existence of functional redundancy between AOB and AOA. The variations in AOB and AOA communities were closely associated with the changes in arsenic fractionations. The amoA gene abundances of AOA increased after arsenic addition, whereas AOB decreased, which corroborated the notion that AOA and AOB might occupy different niches in arsenic-contaminated soils. Phylogenetic analysis of amoA gene-encoded proteins revealed that all AOB clone sequences belonged to the genus Nitrosospira, among which those belonging to Nitrosospira cluster 3a were dominant. The main AOA sequence detected belonged to Thaumarchaeal Group 1.1b, which was considered to have a high ability to adapt to environmental changes. Our results provide new insights into the impacts of arsenic on the soil nitrogen cycling. 相似文献
70.
为定量分析木林子自然保护区不同群落类型主要优势种群的生态位,以每个样地为综合资源位,采用Simpson指数的倒数和Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式及Pianka生态位重叠公式分别对自然恢复20 a、35 a和100 a左右次生林群落主要优势种的生态位宽度及重叠进行测度,比较分析主要优势种在不同群落类型中的生态位变化及原因,同时对种群的环境适应能力及其随自然恢复阶段的变化等方面进行探讨。结果表明:1)青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)属于木林子自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的建群种,生态位宽度最大(群落ⅠB'(SW)i 为0.750、B'(L)i 为0.863,群落ⅡB'(SW)i 为0.630、B'(L)i 为0.685,群落ⅢB'(SW)i 为0.625、B'(L)i 为0.658),与其他种群的生态位重叠程度高,自然恢复年限越长,其优势地位越明显。2)人为干扰和光照是影响该区域不同群落类型主要优势种生态位变化的主要因子。3)不同群落类型主要优势种的平均生态位宽度值B'(SW)i 为0.603、B'(L)i 为0.570,平均生态位重叠值为0.564,表明各种群生态幅广,资源利用谱较宽,群落结构复杂;各种群对环境资源的利用性竞争不激烈。4)珙桐(Davidia involucrata)种群的重要值和生态位宽度值最小(IV为0.181,B'(SW)i 为0.292,B'(L)i 为0.109),与其他种群的生态位重叠值小或没有重叠,表明它对群落环境的适应能力及对资源的利用能力弱且与其他种群的生态位产生了一定程度分化。各优势种的生态位随群落物种组成变化而变化,揭示了优势种的生态位随自然恢复阶段的变化规律。 相似文献