江苏省征地制度与农村社会经济发展调查

现行征地制度所面临的诸多问题。从本质上决定予以集体土地产权特征为核心所形成的制度环境。基于此，从政府土地管理行政人员和农民两个不同的视角。对江苏省征地制度及农村社会经济发展的内在关系进行了抽样调查。调查内容围绕着征地制度的实施状况。广泛涉及到政府的规划及用地制度。农村集体土地产权认知和农民生产、生活等与征地制度实施效果紧密联系的制度环境现状。通过分析和总结二者的内在关联。对征地制度的改革方向提出了富有针对性的政策建议。     

农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。     

农户家庭生计禀赋对农地流转的影响——以湖北省不同类型功能区为例

论文以湖北武汉、孝感为实证,构建农户家庭生计禀赋衡量体系,运用Logit模型分析不同类型功能区农户生计禀赋对农地流转的影响。研究表明：1）重点开发区农户已参与农地流转的比例（48.38%）及未来愿意参与农地流转的比例（61.99%）相对较高,且流转程序较规范;农产品主产区农户农地流转参与率（46.72%）相对较高,但农户农地依赖程度高,未来愿意参与农地流转的比例（38.61%）相对最低;生态功能区资源环境承载能力较低、农业生产条件差,农地流转实际比例较低（31.82%）,但受农业种植低利益及非农产业高回报的诱导,受访农民未来流转意愿（45.87%）较强烈。2）自然资产及物质资产对农户参与农地流转行为影响较大,目前承包耕地面积大的农户转出农地的概率较大,而经营耕地面积大和拥有生产性工具多的农户转入耕地的概率较大。3）人力资产、自然资产、物质资产、金融资产及社会资产的差异会使农地流转后农民生存风险不同,从而对农户未来参与农地流转意愿影响显著。家庭整体劳动能力、家庭承包耕地面积、实际经营耕地面积、农地机耕条件、家庭拥有生产性工具、拥有耐用消费品数量及人情开支均对农户转入农地意愿产生正向影响;同时,家庭承包耕地面积的增加、农地交通条件及景观环境改善能够增加农户的农地转出意愿。     

南方稻区季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素实证分析

气候异常给我国粮食生产带来的影响成为当前社会各界关注的焦点。受全球气候变暖影响,大范围持续性干旱成为农业生产的最严重威胁,特别是近年来南方稻区季节性干旱问题日趋严重,已严重危害到我国经济社会的和谐健康发展。因此,如何适应季节性干旱已成为当前全社会普遍关注的话题,农户作为农业生产的微观决策主体,其适应季节性干旱行为选择如何,其影响因素有哪些?此问题的解决是实现科学减灾的前提和基础。因此,论文利用南方稻区江西省41个县755份农户调查样本数据,从理论与实证上分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为及其影响因素,统计结果表明：面对季节性干旱时,68.6%的农户会采取相应的适应行为,并且补种（苗）、改种其他作物、调整播种和收获日期是农户最优先考虑采用的适应措施,而资金和劳力是农户采取适应行为措施最主要的限制因素。利用Probit回归模型、Poisson回归模型和Tobit回归模型实证分析了季节性干旱农户适应行为措施选择、采用规模和采用强度的影响因素,计量结果表明：社区资本、干旱发生频率、防灾信息的可获性等因素对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有正向影响,而所在村距最近公路远近和所处的地形特征对农户适应行为采用意愿、规模和强度有负向影响。因此,需要进一步丰富社区资本、加强农户防灾信息可获性以及加强交通基础设施建设等方面以促进农户采纳适应措施的积极性。     

Agricultural chemical exposure in small farmers in Guyana

A study of self-reported injury from agricultural chemical exposure was conducted in farmers in rural Guyana. One hundred and ninety agricultural workers were studied, of which 167 (88%) were male. Morbidity from agricultural chemical exposure was common, with 87 farmers (46%) reporting having experienced at least one episode of illness after agricultural chemical exposure. Relatively few of the farmers sought medical assistance for their symptoms, with only 20 farmers (11%) visiting a local doctor and only two farmers (1%) reporting going to a hospital for treatment. Local farmer use of protective equipment was limited. Pyrethroids and herbicides paraquat and glyphosate were the most commonly used agricultural chemicals in the population studied. Data showed that exposure to agricultural chemicals remains frequent, with incidence of severe injury requiring less frequent medical attention.     

宅基地征收对农户就业及福利的影响——基于CHIP数据的实证分析

宅基地征收对盘活农村土地资产、缓解城乡矛盾具有重要意义。在宅基地征收过程中,宅基地征收直接影响着农户就业及福利。以CHIP数据为基础,通过Logistic、OLS、分位数等模型探究了宅基地征收对农户就业及福利的影响。结果表明:①宅基地征收促进了农户非农就业,在就业选择、就业时间、劳动力配置3个方面解放了农村劳动力。②宅基地征收提升了农户福利,失地农户家庭可支配收入、消费支出、幸福感和健康水平显著提高,尤其以高等收入/消费农户群体提升的最为显著。基于研究结果,提出政策建议:完善被宅基地征收农户再就业保障与中低等收入/消费农户群体福利保障机制;扩大宅基地征收政策宣传,提升农户自主权。     

基于农户视角的粮食主产县耕地健康评价与诊断--以湖南省湘阴县为例

耕地健康关乎国家粮食安全。依据PSR理论模型构建耕地健康评价指标体系,利用湖南省岳阳市湘阴县农户调查数据,运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法和障碍度模型评价了该县耕地健康状况并诊断其障碍因子。结果表明:湘阴县耕地健康综合指数为0.488,耕地健康等级为中度亚健康;耕地健康压力指数、状态指数和响应指数依次分别为0.597、0.526和0.418;轮作休耕、种植绿肥、单位播种面积有机肥施用量、粮食单产、耕作层厚度、单位播种面积化肥施用量、灌溉保证率是制约湘阴县耕地健康的主要障碍因子。     

Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers

A cross-section analytical study was conducted to evaluate the risk of pesticide exposure to those applying the Class II pesticides 2,4-D and paraquat in the paddy-growing areas of Kerian, Perak, Malaysia. It investigated the influence of weather on exposure as well as documented health problems commonly related to pesticide exposure. Potential inhalation and dermal exposure for 140 paddy farmers (handlers of pesticides) were assessed. Results showed that while temperature and humidity affected exposure, windspeed had the strongest impact on pesticide exposure via inhalation. However, the degree of exposure to both herbicides via inhalation was below the permissible exposure limits set by United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Dermal Exposure Assessment Method (DREAM) readings showed that dermal exposure with manual spraying ranged from moderate to high. With motorized sprayers, however, the level of dermal exposure ranged from low to moderate. Dermal exposure was significantly negatively correlated with the usage of protective clothing. Various types of deleterious health effects were detected among users of manual knapsack sprayers. Long-term spraying activities were positively correlated with increasing levels of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) liver enzyme. The type of spraying equipment, usage of proper protective clothing and adherence to correct spraying practices were found to be the most important factors influencing the degree of pesticide exposure among those applying pesticides.     

Changing household responses to drought in Tharaka, Kenya: vulnerability, persistence and challenge

Drought is a recurring challenge to the livelihoods of those living in Tharaka District, Kenya, situated in the semi-arid zone to the east of Mount Kenya, from the lowest slopes of the mountain to the banks of the Tana River. This part of Kenya has been marginal to the economic and political life of Kenya from the colonial period until the present day. A study of more than 30 years of change in how people in Tharaka cope with drought reveals resilience in the face of major macro-level transformations, which include privatisation of landownership, population growth, political decentralisation, increased conflict over natural resources, different market conditions, and environmental shifts. However, the study also shows troubling signs of increased use of drought responses that are incompatible with long-term agrarian livelihoods. Government policy needs to address the challenge of drought under these new macro conditions if sustainable human development is to be achieved.     

农户视角下台湾农业技术在大陆扩散影响因素分析——以广东韶关粤台农业合作试验区兰花种植业为例

以广东韶关粤台农业合作试验区兰花种植业为例,基于农户视角,构建三个维度下7个外因潜在变量,利用问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型对台湾农业（兰花）技术扩散效果（内因潜在变量）的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:农户社会网络与主观规范因素、农户对台湾农业的认知因素、台湾农业特点因素、台湾农业技术服务特点因素及基础条件因素等对兰花技术扩散效果具有显著正向影响,相应假设通过检验;农户创业特征及政策环境等两个因素对兰花技术扩散效果的影响不显著,相应假设未通过检验;试验区特殊的地域文化在促进兰花技术扩散的同时,也带来了一些消极影响;试验区应结合当地实际情况,根据兰花技术扩散的影响因素,制定合理的兰花产业发展对策。