Impacts of daily weather variability on simulations of the Canadian boreal forest

This study examines the importance of climate variability when simulating forest succession using a process-based model of stand development. The FORSKA-2V forest gap model, originally developed for forcing with monthly mean climate data, was modified to accept daily weather data. The model's performance was compared using different temporal resolutions of forcing along a bioclimatic transect crossing the boreal region of central Canada, including the aspen-parkland and forest-tundra ecotones. Forcing the model with daily weather data improved the simulation of key attributes of present-day forest along the transect, particularly at the ecotones, compared to forcing with monthly data or long term averages. The results support the hypothesis that climatic variability at daily time-scales is an important determinant of present-day boreal forest composition and productivity. To simulate boreal forest response to climatic change it will be necessary to create climatic scenarios that include plausible projections of future daily scale variability.     

图像挖掘技术在林火影像中的应用

提出了林火遥感图像挖掘的概念，描述了图像挖掘技术在林火遥感图像上的具体应用及实现，针对林火部门每天产生并存储的有价值的林火遥感图像，结合林火上所特有的领域知识，提出了一种通过对林火遥感图像进行图像挖掘，可以将林火遥感图像分成有火或无火两类图像的方法。该方法的实现对帮助林火工作人员及早发现火情，做出火灾预测并采取相应措施具有重大的意义。     

上海城市森林综合评价研究

近年来,许多国家把发展城市森林作为实施城市可持续发展战略的一项重要内容。城市森林的综合评价在城市森林的理论研究、规划、设计和管理中具有重要的实践意义。根据城市森林评价的特点和实际，依据信息系统建设的原则和方法，以VB为开发平台，采用ESRI公司的Areobjects组件技术，设计开发了上海城市森林综合评价信息支持系统，探讨了在系统开发过程中的主要技术问题。包括系统分析与设计的原则、方法。以及系统的结构、功能设计和系统的实现等。并利用该系统对上海城市森林进行了尝试性评价。认为：上海城市森林的协调性相对较好，而城市森林生态结构有待进一步提高。     

Expansion of Evergreen Conifers to the Larch-Dominated Zone and Climatic Trends

The expansion of so-called evergreen conifers (EGCs), including Siberian stone pine, spruce, and fir, along the transect oriented from the boundary of the larch-dominated zone (LDZ; mixed forests of the Yenisei Ridge) to its center has been studied. The normalized dispersal coefficient calculated as K _i = (n _i – N _i )/(n _i + N _i ), where n _i and N _i are the relative numbers of the ith species in the undergrowth and the upper layer, respectively, serves as an indicator of the expansion. It has been found that the K _i values for EGCs (and birch) are higher than the K _i of larch even in the zone absolutely dominated by larch, where the relative numbers of EGCs in the upper layer is less than 1%. The EGC undergrowth has mainly been formed during the past 20–30 years, which is correlated with the trend of summer temperatures The spread of EGCs in the LDZ depends on the frequency of forest fires. The decrease in the time intervals between fires in the 20th century to 65 years (versus 100 years in the 19th century) may have prevented the expansion of competing species in the LDZ. The results obtained indicate that EGCs and birch penetrate into the zone traditionally dominated by larch, which is related to climatic changes during the past three decades. At the same time, tree stand density is increasing in the forest-tundra ecotone, and larch is spreading further into the tundra zone.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 186–193.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kharuk, Dvinskaya, Ranson, Im.     

森林对污染物（SO2-4）的过滤器效应研究

森林的过滤器效应是指森林对污染物所具有的净化缓冲作用，这是森林生态系统所具有的重要生态服务功能之一。森林生态系统对污染物的截留、吸附与净化一般是通过污染物在森林生态系统中的乔木层与灌草层植物、枯落物和土壤（微生物）等组分间的转化过程来实现，阐明森林生态系统各组分对污染物的净化效应是正确评估森林过滤器效应的关键。系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对污染物净化效应的国内外主要研究成果，指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力的方向,并指出目前国内已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段，缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究，很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析，这都限制了我们对森林生态系统对污染物净化过程内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估。把整个森林生态系统当作一个过滤器，从植物、凋落物、土壤、微生物几个亚系统方面介绍了森林过滤器对污染物净化缓冲作用方面的主要研究进展。     

Logging Concessions Can Extend the Conservation Estate for Central African Tropical Forests

Abstract:  The management of tropical forest in timber concessions has been proposed as a solution to prevent further biodiversity loss. The effectiveness of this strategy will likely depend on species-specific, population-level responses to logging. We conducted a survey (749 line transects over 3450 km) in logging concessions (1.2 million ha) in the northern Republic of Congo to examine the impact of logging on large mammal populations, including endangered species such as the elephant ( Loxodonta africana ), gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ), chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ), and bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus ). When we estimated species abundance without consideration of transect characteristics, species abundances in logged and unlogged forests were not different for most species. When we modeled the data with a hurdle model approach, however, analyzing species presence and conditional abundance separately with generalized additive models and then combining them to calculate the mean species abundance, species abundance varied strongly depending on transect characteristics. The mean species abundance was often related to the distance to unlogged forest, which suggests that intact forest serves as source habitat for several species. The mean species abundance responded nonlinearly to logging history, changing over 30 years as the forest recovered from logging. Finally the distance away from roads, natural forest clearings, and villages also determined the abundance of mammals. Our results suggest that logged forest can extend the conservation estate for many of Central Africa's most threatened species if managed appropriately. In addition to limiting hunting, logging concessions must be large, contain patches of unlogged forest, and include forest with different logging histories.     

Impact of degradation on nitrogen transformation in a forest ecosystem of India

A study was performed selecting one protected forest and an adjacent degraded forest ecosystem to quantify the impact of forest degradation on soil inorganic nitrogen, fine root production, nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass N. There were marked seasonal variations of all the parameters in the upper 0–10 and lower 10–20 cm depths. The seasonal trend of net nitrification and net N-mineralization was reverse of that for inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass N. Net nitrification, net N-mineralization and fine root biomass values were highest in both forests during rainy season. On contrary, inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass N were highest during summer season. There was a marked impact of forest degradation on inorganic nitrogen, fine root production nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass observed. Soil properties also varied with soil depth. Fine root biomass, nitrification, N-mineralization and microbial biomass N decreased significantly in higher soil depth. Degradation causes decline in mean seasonal fine root biomass in upper layer and in lower depth by 37% and 27%, respectively. The mean seasonal net nitrification and N-mineralization in upper depth decreased by 42% and 37%, respectively and in lower depth by 42.21% and 39% respectively. Similarly microbial biomass N also decreased by 31.16% in upper layer 33.19% in lower layer.     

内蒙古沙地森林草原过渡带中沙地云彬种群动态

沙地云彬是我国内蒙东部沙地森林草原过渡带的特有濒危树种，沙地杉林是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。本文研究了沙地云杉的种群动态，建立了沙地云杉种群生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线和生殖力表，同时研究了沙地云杉种群分布格局及增长动态，可为沙地治理和沙地森林生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

Experience in establishing a natural standard for analyzing the dynamics of taiga ecosystems

Experience in organizing a natural reference area (standard) for studies on the functional dynamics of ecosystems in connection with paludification and forest-bog relationships is described. The essence of studies on ecosystem dynamics with the aid of natural standards and key plots is described using an example of the Yenisei region of Western Siberia. Arguments are presented for the necessity of using a differential approach to studies on the dynamics of nature and taking into account local ecological conditions while extrapolating the results of these studies to other geographic regions.     

三峡库区多功能防护林体系构成与布局的思考

三峡库区多功能防护林体系主要由水源涵养林、水土保持林、防风固沙林、农田防护林、护岸护滩林、道路防护林及四旁植树等林种构成。多功能防护林布局一是要遵循不同地貌部位的立地条件和社会经济发展需求，最大限度地发挥多功能防护林涵养水源、保持土壤、改善环境等生态功能；二是根据防护对象及可能发生的自然灾害，因地制宜、因害设施布设不同的防护林林种；三是以保障库区的可持续发展为原则，使区域内的自然资源最有效、最合理地得以利用；四是在多功能防护林体系建设中，工程措施与生物措施相结合；五是生态效益与经济效益相结合，当前利益与长远利益相结合；六是在树种选择上实行乔、灌、草相结合。林种配置上，网、带、片相结合；七是以防护林为主，多林种协调发展，使三峡库区防护林体系结构整体优化。