改善太仓城区水环境原型调水实验研究及模型建立

为达到改善太仓城区水环境的目的,于2004年4月21日进行了调水实验.调水历时14 h,期间向城区调水21.8万m3.通过对监测点采样,得到水量、水质实测数据.根据实验数据,建立了符合太仓河网的水量水质数学模型,分析了从长江引水对太仓城区水环境的改善程度.同时对不同引水方案情况下城区水环境改善效果,以及截污和清淤对水环境的影响做了分析.研究表明,引水只能短期改善水环境;要根治水环境,必须从源头抓起,进行截污.     

垃圾渗滤液预处理工艺的研究

本文结合工程实例,对生活垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾渗滤液进行预处理工艺的研究,结果表明,预处理单元在垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的整个处理系统中具有重要的作用和地位,渗滤液中部分污染物和无机离子能在预处理单元中得到较好的去除,在一定程度上减轻后续处理工艺的负荷。     

Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料对水中单宁酸的吸附性能研究

通过简单方法制备出Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR、VSM和SEM等手段对其物理化学性质进行了表征,最后对水中单宁酸进行了吸附性能研究.结果表明,所制备复合材料上的氨基基团(N—H的特征吸收峰出现在1549.53cm-1)能够与单宁酸上的酚羟基反应,使—NH2质子化形成NH+3,并利用良好的磁性(42.5emu.g-1)使单宁酸从水中分离去除;对单宁酸的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型和拟二级吸附动力学方程;在pH=6时,基于氢键和静电吸附的协同作用,吸附能力达到最强,为85.18mg.g-1(吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为60min).研究证实,Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料与Fe3O4@SiO2和SiO2相比,对单宁酸有更好的吸附性能,同时通过外磁场可以达到固液分离的效果.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

云南中小型水电工程的环境保护

西部大开发为云南省中小型水电工程建设创造了条件,但目前中小型水电工程环境保护工作与国家对建设项目环境保护工作的要求存在一定的差距,必须严抓重管,切实保护西部地区的生态环境.     

河湖水系连通的理论探讨

在全球气候变化和水资源形势日趋严峻的背景下,为了从根本上提高水资源统筹配置能力、改善河湖健康状况和增强抵御水旱灾害能力,河湖水系连通作为国家新时期的一个治水方略被提出。当前关于河湖水系连通的理论基础研究要落后于实践,尚在探索之中。论文尝试从河、湖与水系等水循环基本概念入手,探讨水系的结构、特征和连通性,揭示水系连通的水循环物理机制,并进一步分析河湖水系连通的战略思想,探明其中涉及的几个关键水循环基础问题,包括水量平衡、能量平衡、水资源可再生性、水循环尺度等问题,为河湖水系连通战略的实施和理论体系的建立奠定基础。     

Effect of reclaimed water effluent on bacterial community structure in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil of urbanized riverside wetland, China

In order to evaluate the impact of reclaimed water on the ecology of bacterial communities in the Typha angustifolia L. rhizosphere soil,bacterial community structure was investigated using a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and 16S rRNA gene clone library. The results revealed significant spatial variation of bacterial communities along the river from upstream and downstream. For example,a higher relative abundance of γ-Proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Chloroflexi and a lower proportion ofβ-Proteobacteria and ε-Proteobacteria was detected at the downstream site compared to the upstream site. Additionally,with an increase of the reclaimed water interference intensity,the rhizosphere bacterial community showed a decrease in taxon richness,evenness and diversity. The relative abundance of bacteria closely related to the resistant of heavy-metal was markedly increased,while the bacteria related for carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus/sulfur cycling wasn't strikingly changed. Besides that,the pathogenic bacteria markedly increased in the downstream rhizosphere soil since reclaimed water supplement,while the possible plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria obviously reduced in the downstream sediment.Together these data suggest cause and effect between reclaimed water input into the wetland,shift in bacterial communities through habitat change,and alteration of capacity for biogeochemical cycling of contaminants.     

土壤含水层处理出水的回用健康风险评价

通过土壤柱实验,研究了土壤含水层处理工艺对污水处理厂二级处理出水的处理效果。初步讨论了土壤含水层处理工艺对各种污染物的去除机理,并评价了不同回用途径再生水对人体的健康风险。研究结果表明:土壤含水层处理工艺能够有效去除二级处理出水中的有机物和重金属离子,对大肠菌和粪大肠菌的去除率大于99.9%。健康风险评价结果显示:再生水的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,终生致癌风险在10-6数量级,而非致癌物质的健康危害风险在10-9数量级。     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.     

湿地植物在城镇污水处理系统中的作用特性研究

将不同类型湿地植物如凤眼莲、荇菜、稗草、黑藻、皇竹草、美人蕉等,引入城镇污水处理系统,考察其对污染物的去除效果和在湿地组合系统中的作用特性。盆栽实验发现,虽然植物对污水N、P营养元素的直接去除率分别只有14.0%～59.4%和8.6%～55.2%,但植物通过过滤、截留及加强有机物降解转化的作用,对水体中污染物的去除具有协同效应,使水体N、P的总去除率分别达65.4%～83.8%和43.5%～69.5%。将植物引入组合处理系统,中试实验结果表明,水体TN、TP和COD月平均去除率分别高达80.4%、74.3%和81.3%。与常规生化处理系统相比,处理效果大为增强,生化反应的能耗相对减少,出水水质较稳定,使湿地组合系统成为一种去N除P,防止水体富营养化的有效处理方法。