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91.
Daniel Murdiyarso Erna S. Adiningsih 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):101-112
There was a widespread misconception about the causes of vegetation and land fires in Indonesia. At a certain point, the public perceived that fires and the associated haze pollution were primarily caused by smallholders' agricultural activities. In fact, there was a variety of land-use activities including large-scale land clearing following deforestation for further land development. El Niño events and the associated dry weather were sometimes quoted by officials and the media as the cause of fires. The fire episodes from 1980 to 2000 were analysed in connection with climate anomalies and the implementation of land-use policies related to forest conversions. The analysis employs long-term climatic and sea surface temperature data to reconstruct climate distributions and anomalies including Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR). In this study, the terrestrial carbon emissions from vegetation fires were estimated based on official statistical data on area burnt. The possible incentives for sustainable land management were discussed in the light of fire prevention. The underlying cause neglected in the discussion of Indonesian vegetation fires was forest and land development policy. Legitimated in the early 1980s, it drove massive forest conversions and the use of fires for land clearing. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provided dry weather suitable for biomass burning and widespread fire, but it was hardly the cause of fires. The estimate of area burnt in the big fires in 1997 was about 11.6 Mha, resulting in carbon release of 1.45 Gt, equivalent to 0.73 ppmv of CO2, or almost half the annual global atmospheric CO2 growth. Based on the current carbon market price such emissions by the 1997 fire episode were worth around US$ 3.6 billion. 相似文献
92.
93.
Kurz Werner A. Beukema Sarah J. Apps Michael J. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1997,2(4):405-421
Land-use change from an unmanaged to a managed forested landscape in northern forests is associated with a reduction of the
area annually affected by natural disturbances (wildfires and forest insects) and the introduction of harvesting as a new
disturbance. This study examined the impacts of changes in the disturbance regime-the frequency and type of disturbance-on
landscape-level carbon (C) content and fluxes. The Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector was used to assess these
impacts in six representative landscapes (100,000 ha each) with a range of disturbance regimes that are characteristic of
conditions in coastal British Columbia, the interior of British Columbia, and the eastern boreal forest in Canada. The model
was used to simulate ecosystem C fluxes during a period of natural disturbances, a 50-year transition period during which
harvesting replaced natural disturbances, followed by 150 years of harvesting. The initial landscape-level biomass C content
under natural disturbance regimes in the six example landscapes was 22 to 75% of their potential maximum content which is
often used as the reference or baseline case. After 200 years of forest management, the C stored in the landscape plus the
C retained in forest products manufactured from harvested biomass was between 58 and 101% of the landscape C content prior
to the onset of harvesting. Landscape-level ecosystem C content was found to be affected by changes in the disturbance frequency,
the age-dependence of the disturbance probabilities, and the disturbance-specific impacts on ecosystem C content. The results
indicate that using the potential maximum C content of a landscape as the baseline always overestimates the actual C release
due to land use change. A more meaningful procedure would be to assess the actual differences in landscape-level C content
between the natural and the managed disturbance regime. 相似文献
94.
用ClO2氧化与活性炭吸附相结合的方法处理染色废水,与单独用ClO2氧化或活性炭吸附处理相比,CODcr去除率和脱色率均有较大提高。 相似文献
95.
近年来,国内外众多学者从不同角度运用不同方法探究城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素,但鲜见对生活垃圾处置方式的影响因素进行分析研究.本文以世界银行2018年颁布的《what a waste 2.0》中140个国家数据为基础,删掉数据年份较久远以及缺少GDP数据的6个国家,根据欧盟统计局、各国政府环保部门和统计部门网站以及相关年度报告,对所有国家数据逐一排查进行核实,并修正了40余国家生活垃圾处置数据,以134个国家在地理、经济和社会层面的5项指标为研究基础,选用相关性分析和logistic回归分析等研究方法,探究5种生活垃圾处置方式和影响因素之间的规律.主要结论如下:①生活垃圾开放式倾倒、填埋处置与人均国土面积无显著相关性;人均GDP达到2万美元以上的国家,基本实现"零倾倒",填埋占比也随人均GDP增长逐渐下降;城市化水平与是否采用开放式倾倒呈显著负相关;②人均GDP在2万美元以下或城市化水平在40%以下的国家,基本为"零焚烧";在不考虑"零焚烧"国家的情形下,焚烧处置主要集中在人均国土面积0~3 hm2的国家;人均GDP和受教育程度的高低是各国是否采用焚烧的主要影响因素;③资源化利用水平与人均国土面积呈负相关,而与人均GDP、城市化水平、受教育程度和废物法律法规体系呈正相关,其中法律法规对其影响力较小;人均GDP达到2万美元以上的国家,资源化利用率基本超过40%;受教育程度同样是影响各国是否采用资源化利用的主要因素;④其它处置方式与五项影响指标均呈现负相关;城市化水平为是否存在其它处置方式的决定因素,城市化水平达到80%以上时,其占比基本为0. 相似文献
96.
旅游踩踏对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
为了探明旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响,保护土壤生态平衡及合理开发自然保护区提供理论依据,进行了旅游踩踏对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响研究.结果表明,在所设的3个试验区中,0~5cm土壤层的微生物生物量碳、磷受到旅游踩踏的影响最严重,5~15cm土壤层的微生物生物量碳、磷受到旅游踩踏的影响较严重,而15~25cm土壤层的微生物生物量碳、磷受到旅游踩踏的影响最轻,旅游踩踏对所设3个试验区中3个层次土壤的微生物生物量碳、磷的影响均达到了显著水平(p<0.05).从旅游踩踏对3个土壤层的微生物生物量氮的影响程度来看,0~5cm土壤层的微生物生物量氮受到的影响最严重,5~15cm土壤层的微生物生物量氮受到的影响较严重,而15~25cm土壤层的微生物生物量氮受到的影响最轻,背景区与缓冲区15~25cm土壤层的微生物生物量氮差异没有达到显著水平.说明张家界国家森林公园土壤微生物遭到了旅游踩踏的破坏,抵御外界干扰的能力已受到了旅游踩踏的破坏. 相似文献
97.
炼油污水回用方案初探 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
邹智 《石油化工环境保护》2005,28(1):14-17,i001
针对污水处理场改造后的水质情况,结合现有闲置设备的状况,提出一套既符合现场实际又有针对性的污水回用处理方案。 相似文献
98.
IntroductionBothmethomylandthiodicarbareNmethylcarbmatepesticides.Methomyliseffectiveonawiderangeofinsectsasanovicide,larvicid... 相似文献
99.
本文列举三例,论述完善价格机制发展城市燃气供应事业、运用排污权交易思想削减二氧化硫污染和利用市场干预促进固体废弃物回收,分别设计出优化方案,并概算出预期环境经济效益。 相似文献
100.