Toward livable and healthy urban streets: Roadside vegetation provides ecosystem services where people live and move

Fostering ecosystem services in urban road corridors is an important challenge for urban planning and governance because residents are often exposed to environmental pressures in these ubiquitous open spaces. We here aim at illustrating multiple ecosystem services that may be underpinned by roadside vegetation. Previous work is broadly scattered in papers from the natural and social sciences and biased by a focus both on regulating services (temperature regulation, air filtration, carbon sequestration) and also on trees. We provide a first synthesis that illustrates (i) the multi-functional capacity of green elements in streetscapes to deliver various ecosystem services; (ii) the relevance of planted and wild-grown herbaceous vegetation as well as trees; and (iii) trade-offs between certain ecosystem services as well as risks related to disservices. Trees and herbaceous road vegetation can mitigate adverse environmental conditions in road corridors, which is particularly important in vulnerable neighborhoods that are undersupplied with green spaces. Enhancing the amenity value of streetscapes might also positively influence public health by promoting physical activity. However, significant knowledge gaps exist, e.g. on the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem services and on the valuation of green street components by different sociocultural groups. Our synthesis illustrates management options that can support planning and governance approaches toward more livable streetscapes by fostering ecosystem services and counteracting disservices.     

PFI项目履约监管机制的研究

提高资源利用率，是实现城市可持续发展的关键。PFI模式有效解决了政府投资的低效率问题，提高了公用基础设施的投资效益，为改善国家基础设施面貌，推动城市化进程做出了贡献。然而PFI项目中作为公共利益代表的政府与追求私人利益最大化的私人投资者在某些方面是有冲突的。政府应该通过提高管理手段和行政能力对PFI项目实施科学化管理，可以通过在特许权合同中引入违约罚分机制、履约报告制度、期中评估与期末评估制度、特殊情况下政府介入机制和强化标准的制定等方法，提高投资人的履约质量。     

南京城市基础设施现代化建设进程与对策

提出南京城市基础设施现代化的六大指标体系，即道路交通快捷化、公用设施优质化、邮电通讯信息化、住宅设施舒适化、排水防洪标准化、城市环境生态化并提出相应的临界值。选择其中十项具有典型意义的指标，建立灰色系统预测模型，预测南京城市基础设现代化建设进程可分三个阶段：1999－2013年为基本实现城市基础设施现代化阶段；2014－2020年为城市基础设施现代化建设中级阶段；2021－2030年为城市基础设施现代化建设高级阶段。实现现代化建设目标应从增强城市经济实力、提升中心城市功能、优化城市基础设施结构、调整城市空间形态结构、拓宽融资渠道、构建市场主导型的融资结构、加强城市生态环境建设、实现城市可持续发展等方面采取对策。     

Sustainable water management for green infrastructure

正The water is the most important component in the ecosystems responsible for energy flow and mass transport.The water also plays an important role for human existence.However,the constructed infrastructures such as roads,buildings,railways,drainage systems,etc.give negative impacts to the ecosystem such as deteriorating the water quality and     

沈阳市农村环境基础设施运营与管理对策探讨

分析了沈阳市农村环境基础设施运营管理存在的问题,提出了解决对策。     

A preliminary assessment of socio-ecological metabolism for three neighborhoods within a rust belt urban ecosystem

Rust belt cities of the northeastern United States are plagued by flat or declining economies and the accompanying social fallout from lack of employment. Advocates of green fuels, green infrastructure and green jobs have proposed these nature-based technologies as means to revitalize the economies of cities. Before making public and private investment a baseline analysis of the relative magnitude of existing energy production and energy respiration at the neighborhood scale is useful in order to understand what the potential for green infrastructure might be. Because the urban canopy and other green infrastructure can enhance urban socio-ecological metabolism, we measured the flows of natural energy produced (P) by the urban forest versus the industrial or fossil energy currently consumed or respired (R) in three economically and demographically distinct neighborhoods of a typical rust-belt city, Syracuse, NY. Our objectives were to (1) understand the potential for green energy to replace fossil fuels in general, (2) assess the degree to which different socio-demographic communities are receiving the ecosystem benefits of existing urban “green” infrastructure (i.e. forest primary production), and (3) identify where local (in-city) biotic energy resources could be enhanced or fossil fuel consumption altered to improve overall urban socio-ecological metabolism. We found that (1) the fossil energy consumed in all three neighborhoods was 200-700 times higher than the biotic “green” energy produced; (2) that to produce this much energy from willow biomass grown in the region would require at least between 0.3 and 0.7 ha of bio-energy production per person depending on affluence, density of living, transportation mix and home fuel mix; (3) that although the more affluent neighborhood used, per residence and per person, almost twice as much energy as that of the downtown more densely settled and poorer neighborhood, its R:P ratio was still the lowest due to the high primary productivity of its neighborhood tree canopy. As a first assessment our findings identify several opportunities for enhancement of the socio-ecological metabolism of these neighborhoods, and the city at large, through conversion of heating units in poorer neighborhoods away from expensive electricity, and toward tree planting, solar installations, and per capita energy use reductions.     

Co-design of experimental nature-based solutions for decentralized dry-weather runoff treatment retrofitted in a densely urbanized area in Central America

The quality of water in many urban rivers in Latin America is increasingly degrading due to wastewater and runoff discharges from urban sprawl. Due to deficits in sanitary drainage systems, greywater is discharged to the stormwater drainage network generating a continuous dry-weather runoff that reaches rivers without treatment. One of the main challenges in the region is to achieve sustainable management of urban runoff for the recovery of rivers ecosystem integrity. However, retrofitting conventional centralized wastewater drainage networks into the existing urban grid represents important social, economic and technical challenges. This paper presents an alternative adaptive methodology for the design of Nature-based Solutions for decentralized urban runoff treatment. Through this study, technical solutions commonly used for stormwater management were adapted for dry-weather runoff treatment and co-designed for the particular conditions of a representative study area, considering space availability as the main constraining factor for retrofitting in urban areas. The application of a co-design process in a dense neighbourhood of the Great Metropolitan area of Costa Rica brought to light valuable insights about conditions that could be hindering the implementation of NBS infrastructures in Latin America.     

城市基础设施可持续利用的反馈机制

城市基础设施是城市发展的物质基础 ,其可持续发展是城市可持续发展的基础。基于可持续发展的思想 ,分析了基础设施相对短缺的原因 ,提出了基础设施可持续利用的概念 ;给出了基础设施可持续利用的反馈机制 ,为调控基础设施建设 ,实现其可持续利用奠定了基础。     

独流减河流域绿色基础设施空间格局与景观连通性分析的尺度效应

尺度效应是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一,是正确理解和感知景观格局与生态过程相互作用及其动态变化特征的基础.针对GI（绿色基础设施）进行空间格局与景观连通性分析具有强烈的尺度依赖性的问题,以天津市独流减河流域为例,利用ArcGIS 10.1、ENVI 5.3和eCognition 8.9软件进行面向对象土地利用分类,基于MSPA（形态学空间格局分析）方法和景观连通性分析方法,借助GuidosToolbox 2.6和Conefor 2.6软件,通过设置不同的粒度、边缘宽度和扩散距离,对2016年研究区GI的粒度效应、边缘效应和距离效应进行定量分析和评价.结果表明:①MSP（形态学空间格局）类型具有明显的粒度效应和边缘效应,较小的粒度和边缘宽度会得到更为详细的空间格局信息.②粒度效应改变GI像元的空间分布,会导致GI空间信息的丢失或增加,直接影响MSP类型的空间配置和量化关系;而边缘效应不会改变GI像元的空间分布,使得GI空间信息不发生改变,但对MSP类型的影响更为显著.③景观连通性与扩散距离具有直接关系,扩散距离越大,GI核心区景观连通性越高,当扩散距离增至一定程度时,所有核心区会连接成一个网络整体,景观连通性达到最大,研究区GI核心区的扩散距离关键值在2.5~4.5 km之间.研究显示,独流减河流域GI要素尺度效应明显但机理不同,基于MSPA和景观连通性分析方法能够更加直观地反映各景观类型和网络组分的空间变化特征和数值变化规律.      

景观规划导向的绿色基础设施研究进展——基于“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式

中国目前处于新型城镇化与生态文明建设的重要时期,引入绿色基础设施（Green Infrastructure,GI）规划框架对协调城市发展与生态保护具有重要意义。基于景观生态学中“格局—过程—服务—可持续性”研究范式,对近年来中国内外GI规划进行针对性综述,利用该范式对相关研究的理论来源与进展进行梳理。研究表明：GI格局研究中,景观格局指数是应用最为广泛的方法。针对于景观连接度,形态学空间格局分析等结构连接度评价方法具有计算简单、适用性广的优势,但缺乏明确的生态学含义;图论等功能连接度则针对特定的生态过程,是GI格局与生态过程的重要联系,将是下一步研究重点。GI生态过程研究借鉴生态网络的理论与方法,其规划步骤可分为核心区选取、阻力面构建、潜在廊道识别三部分。GI生态系统服务研究中,生物物理量模型与经济计量模型广泛应用于调节、供给与支持服务评价中,而文化服务评价则将问卷调查作为基础数据获取的重要途径。另外,生态系统服务需求研究涉及到生态系统服务的实际需求与使用偏好,相关定量评价方法以及成果的实际应用有待进一步探索。GI景观可持续性研究中,在明晰GI提供的生态系统服务总量的基础上,服务间权衡与协同效应已成为GI规划中的重要考量,而情景规划可以有效模拟GI生态系统服务的动态变化。最后,GI规划应将提升景观可持续性作为规划目标,据此研究提出了重视格局与过程相互影响机制的基础研究、加深GI生态系统服务需求端研究、明晰生态系统服务间协同与权衡效应、将GI与实际规划结合四项研究展望。