冻融对内蒙古温带贝加尔针茅草甸草原N2O通量的影响

本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验与野外观测实验相结合,分析不同土层、放牧与封育、长期与短期冻融、不同冻融频率与冻融温差强度对草地土壤N2O产生与排放的影响.结果表明:冻融期间,从地表到下层15cm土壤N2O的产生速率随深度的增加而逐渐减少,N2O的产生主要来源于0~9cm的表层土壤;冻融期间温差相同的情况下,冻融次数越多,N2O的产生速率越小;N2O的产生速率随着温差的变小而减少;冻融期间封育样地的N2O排放量大于放牧样地,且封育样地的N2O排放量占全年排放总量的25.09%,大于放牧样地(12.38%),但从观测年排放总量看,放牧却促进了草地N2O源的功能;草地春融期间的N2O排放量是整个冻融期N2O排放量的最大贡献者.     

Differential responses of short-term soil respiration dynamics to the experimental addition of nitrogen and water in the temperate semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

We examined the effects of simulated rainfall and increasing N supply of different levels on CO2 pulse emission from typical Inner Mongolian steppe soil using the static opaque chamber technique, respectively in a dry June and a rainy August. The treatments included NH4NO3 additions at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g N/（m2.year） with or without water. Immediately after the experimental simulated rainfall events, the CO2 effluxes in the watering plots without N addition （WCK） increased greatly and reached the maximum value at 2 hr. However, the efflux level reverted to the background level within 48 hr. The cumulative CO2 effluxes in the soil ranged from 5.60 to 6.49 g C/m2 over 48 hr after a single water application, thus showing an increase of approximately 148.64% and 48.36% in the efftuxes during both observation periods. By contrast, the addition of different N levels without water addition did not result in a significant change in soil respiration in the short term. Two-way ANOVA showed that the effects of the interaction between water and N addition were insignificant in short-term soil COz efftuxes in the soil. The cumulative soil CO2 fluxes of different treatments over 48 hr accounted for approximately 5.34% to 6.91% and 2.36% to 2.93% of annual C emission in both experimental periods. These results stress the need for improving the sampling frequency after rainfall in future studies to ensure more accurate evaluation of the grassland C emission contribution.     

Emission characteristics of carbon dioxide in the semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Introduction The emission and absorption of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) etc. by soil is one of the hot topics on global change research, more and more attention has been paid to the flux measurement…     

The threat of abandonment in socio-ecological landscapes: Farmers’ motivations and perspectives on high nature value grassland conservation

Future sustainability of the conservation management of socio-ecological landscapes is typically reliant on on-going agricultural management. Such management may be threatened by changes in the drivers of management and the fragility of the stakeholder networks that deliver management. This study examined evidence for the risk of abandonment in a series of case study high nature value (HNV) grassland sites. The work found that the motivation of farmers to participate in the conservation management was typically limited and often marginal. Landowners and conservation stakeholders who relied on partner farmers to manage such sites often struggled to recruit and retain their participation, leading to increased turnover among managing farmers and to some sites being under-managed. Primary reasons for difficulty of recruitment and farmer turnover included a lack of candidate farmers in the local landscape, and the marginal and fluctuating economics of grassland management. A trend towards greater financial incentivisation of farmers was evident, which policy-makers responsible for agri-environment schemes should note, and elsewhere some conservation organisations were seen to be bringing grassland management in-house. Farmers’ motivations to participate in conservation management of such systems may continue to weaken and abandonment may therefore become a significant risk to the successful conservation of such systems. Conservation stakeholders need to foster good relations with their farmer-manager partners and not further depress their limited motivations to participate, as well as consider carefully whether farmer stakeholders are being adequately compensated for their efforts.     

五台山不同退化程度亚高山草甸土壤微生物群落分类与功能多样性特征

土壤微生物在草地生态系统功能中发挥着重要作用,但其多样性对草地退化的响应尚未得到充分研究.采用宏基因组测序技术对五台山亚高山草甸4个不同退化阶段[未退化(ND)、轻度退化(LD)、中度退化(MD)和重度退化(HD)]土壤微生物分类和功能多样性特征及其影响因素进行分析.结果表明,4个不同退化阶段亚高山草甸之间放线菌门、拟杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和Parcubacteria的相对丰度存在显著差异(P<0.05).与ND草甸相比,退化草甸增加了与碳代谢、氨基酸生物合成、丙酮酸代谢、柠檬酸循环、丙酸代谢、丁酸代谢和脂肪酸代谢相关的基因比例,表明亚高山草甸退化改变了土壤微生物群落能量代谢和营养循环的潜力.草地退化改变了土壤微生物分类和功能α多样性,特别是MD和HD草甸中微生物功能多样性显著降低.亚高山草甸退化过程中土壤微生物物种分类和功能组成均显著变化(P<0.05).土壤总氮、pH值和有机质含量对微生物群落分类和功能组成具有显著影响.植物群落β多样性与微生物群落分类和功能β多样性显著相关(P<0.05),具有强耦合性.研究结果揭示了草地退化过程中地下微生物分类和功能多样性的变化及...     

不同封育年限荒漠草原土壤呼吸日、季动态变化及其影响因子

围封禁牧措施可以改善退化草地生态环境,是我国退化草地植被恢复的主要措施.为探讨干旱区荒漠草原不同围封禁牧年限的土壤呼吸作用特征及影响因子,在生长季连续观测围封禁牧11 a、7 a、放牧不封育(CK)荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率及环境因子,结果表明:1在日、季尺度上,封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的单峰曲线变化规律,在日尺度上,最大、最小值分别出现在12:00~16:00和00:00~06:00;在季节变化尺度上,最大值出现在降水较多温度适宜的8月,土壤呼吸均值表现为11 a[0.143 g·(m2·h)-1]7 a[0.138 g·(m2·h)-1]CK[0.106 g·(m2·h)-1].2封育与未封育荒漠草原的土壤呼吸速率与空气、土壤温度均呈极显著的指数关系(P0.001),相关性大小为:地表温度(R2:0.408~0.413)空气温度(R2:0.355~0.376)5~20 cm土壤温度(R2:0.263~0.394);温度敏感性系数Q10随着土层的加深逐渐变大,不同封育年限Q10表现为11 a(2.728)7 a(2.436)CK(2.086).3封育11 a、7 a和CK荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与空气湿度、土壤含水量一元二次模型达到显著水平(P0.05),与空气二氧化碳呈极显著线性负相关(P0.01),与风速呈显著线性正相关(P0.05),与光照强度呈极显著线性正相关(P0.01).4干旱区荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用随着围封禁牧年限的增加而增加,温度敏感性系数亦随之增加,0~20 cm土壤温度和水分是其土壤呼吸的主要影响因子.     

A grassland ecosystem model of the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China

The natural grassland ecosystem of the Xilingol steppe has traditionally been the source of the most productive and highest quality agriculture in northern China. Unfortunately, the area is now experiencing degradation due to resource overuse. In an attempt to forecast grassland production and to sustain the ecosystem, we built a time-dependent simulation model of the ecosystem based on long-range weather forecasts (several weeks to several months). The model incorporated five state variables including above- and belowground biomass, the amount of standing dead plant material, livestock (sheep) weight, and the amount of excrement per unit ground area. Within the model, solar light energy is fixed by grassland vegetation and flows through the other variables via a variety of organism-environment interactions. The model was written using a set of simultaneous differential equations and was numerically analyzed. The values of the time-dependent parameters controlling energy flow were determined based on data accumulated in experiments and field surveys executed at a grassland experimental station located in Xilingol, as well as by reference to related literature. We used daily meteorological data including air temperature and rainfall recorded at the Xilinhot Meteorological Observatory. Simulated results for several stocking densities coincided well with the data of aboveground plant biomass observed at the experimental station in 1990, 1993, and 1997. We obtained reasonable simulation results for five stocking densities, three air temperature patterns, and five rainfall patterns. When a month-long drought, which sometimes occurs in this area, was forecast by a local weather station, a decrease in grassland production was forecast by the model. Such forecasts will assist in the management of livestock, forage preservation, and grassland conservation.     

模拟升温和放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响

通过开顶式温室(Open top chambers,OTCs)升温以及刈割+施加牛粪处理,应用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构对气候变暖和放牧的响应.结果表明,高寒草甸在生长季节,微生物群落以细菌为主.平均1.17℃的土壤升温使土壤微生物PLFAs总量增加34.58%,而春季割草结合牛粪施加使微生物PLFAs总量增加65.77%.模拟变暖和放牧均引起土壤微生物群落结构的显著变化.升温使细菌相对含量增加8.80%,而使真菌相对含量降低17.48%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.6.放牧使细菌相对含量增加8.40%,真菌相对含量降低14.04%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.2.OTCs升温+放牧处理比单独的升温或放牧处理对土壤微生物总量和细菌与真菌比值的影响更加明显.本研究表明,气候变暖和人类活动能够在短期内显著地改变青藏高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构,进而可能影响这一地区的生态系统碳收支和养分循环.     

内蒙古典型草原羊粪和牛粪的分解特征

为了解畜粪的分解特征及对半干旱典型草原养分循环的影响,于2008年6月~2009年10月采用人为控制的野外实验,研究了羊粪和牛粪对内蒙古典型草原草地的输入量,分解过程中的重量损失、有机物和氮(N)、磷(P)浓度变化.结果表明,羊粪和牛粪的年输入量分别约为(17.8±13.8)kg hm-2和(365.6±495.9)kg hm-2.分解450 d后,残留粪样中有机物浓度较鲜粪减少约14.46%(羊粪)和48.78%(牛粪),即羊粪的分解速率较牛粪显著缓慢,2种粪的残留粪块在草地中堆置时间至少可达2个生长季以上.两种粪中,N素以有机态为主,矿化和释放速度均较慢;P素以无机态为主,释放速度较快;春季冻融变化可以显著促进两种粪中N和P的矿化速率;实验结束时,残留粪样中的全N浓度较鲜粪分别降低了25.89%(羊粪)和16.07%(牛粪),全P分别降低了30.73%和27.21%.埋入地下处理,可以消除风蚀对羊粪块失重的影响,使残留粪样保持较高湿度,促进有机质分解,并改变淋溶作用对粪块中养分含量的影响;但对牛粪分解无明显影响.从研究结果可以看出,家畜粪在半干旱草地环境中分解较慢,堆积过程中对草地的养分循环有重要影响.     

典型草原不同围封年限植被-土壤系统碳氮贮量的变化

以内蒙古太仆寺旗典型草原为研究对象,研究不同围封年限下的天然草地植物和土壤有机碳、全氮贮量的变化。结果表明：与自由放牧草地相比,重度退化草地采取生长季围封恢复措施后,群落植物和土壤环境在围封8、11、14、21、25年后均得到了明显的改善,地上植物和地下根系生物量及其碳氮贮量、土壤碳氮贮量明显增加,土壤容重降低。自由放牧地和围封8、11、14、21年植物-土壤系统碳贮量分别为7 357.93、7 988.27、8 413.18、12 878.82、8 934.66 g.m-2,氮贮量分别为427.78、494.28、575.49、707.35、615.09 g.m-2。草地围封至14年植物和土壤各项理化性质达到最大值,使得植物-土壤系统的碳氮贮量分别是自由放牧地的1.75和1.65倍,说明植被与土壤间达到了良性循环的状态,退化草地正向演替。随着围封年限的继续增加,其各项指标出现下降趋势。由此可知,季节性围封措施在一定时间内可使退化草地的土壤-植物系统的碳氮贮量增加,草地在一定程度上得到恢复,但适宜的恢复时间和合理利用问题有待进一步讨论。