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101.
A modified version of the Multimedia Activity Model for Ionics MAMI, including two-layered atmosphere, air-water interface partitioning, intermittent rainfall and variable cloud coverage was developed to simulate the atmospheric fate of ten low volatility or ionizable organic chemicals. Probabilistic simulations describing the uncertainty of substance and environmental input properties were run to evaluate the impact of atmospheric parameters, ionization and air-water (or air-ice) interface enrichment.The rate of degradation and the concentration of OH radicals, the duration of dry and wet periods, and the parameters describing air-water partitioning (KAW and temperature) and ionization (pKa and pH) are the key parameters determining the potential for long range transport. Wet deposition is an important removal process, but its efficiency is limited, primarily by the duration of the dry period between precipitation events.Given the underlying model assumptions, the presence of clouds contributes to the higher persistence in the troposphere because of the capacity of cloud water to accumulate and transport non-volatile (e.g. 2,4-D) and surface-active chemicals (e.g. PFOA). This limits the efficiency of wet deposition from the troposphere enhancing long-range transport. 相似文献
102.
海洋纤毛虫——巨大拟阿脑虫的实验生态研究Ⅲ.pH对种群生长的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
就水环境中pH对巨大拟阿脑虫Paranophys magna(纤毛门,盾纤目)种群生长的影响及后者的应答与适应进行了探讨,结果表明,虫体生存的pH阈值约为5-9.6,最适范围为7.0-9.0;pH对巨大拟阿脑虫的种群生长有显著影响,种群自然增长率及种群所达最大种群密度均随pH的不同而明显改变。 相似文献
103.
104.
Stevens CJ Duprè C Dorland E Gaudnik C Gowing DJ Bleeker A Diekmann M Alard D Bobbink R Fowler D Corcket E Mountford JO Vandvik V Aarrestad PA Muller S Dise NB 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2243-2250
A survey of 153 acid grasslands from the Atlantic biogeographic region of Europe indicates that chronic nitrogen deposition is changing plant species composition and soil and plant-tissue chemistry. Across the deposition gradient (2-44 kg N ha−1 yr−1) grass richness as a proportion of total species richness increased whereas forb richness decreased. Soil C:N ratio increased, but soil extractable nitrate and ammonium concentrations did not show any relationship with nitrogen deposition. The above-ground tissue nitrogen contents of three plant species were examined: Agrostis capillaris (grass), Galium saxatile (forb) and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (bryophyte). The tissue nitrogen content of neither vascular plant species showed any relationship with nitrogen deposition, but there was a weak positive relationship between R. squarrosus nitrogen content and nitrogen deposition. None of the species showed strong relationships between above-ground tissue N:P or C:N and nitrogen deposition, indicating that they are not good indicators of deposition rate. 相似文献
105.
城市污水条件下ASBR厌氧氨氧化的启动与脱氮性能 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用ASBR在城市污水条件下进行厌氧氨氧化的启动与脱氮性能研究。实验接种好氧硝化污泥,在温度为(35±1)℃、HRT为24 h、pH为7.3~8.5的条件下经过130 d的培养,成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应。实验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化反应稳定运行时,TN容积负荷平均为0.179 kg/(m3.d),NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN去除率分别达到了95.30%、91.30%和76.28%。启动期和稳定运行期NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量的比值分别达到1∶1.54∶0.25和1∶1.27∶0.27;稳定运行期进出水pH差值由启动时的0.85下降到0.24。启动期反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应同时存在而在稳定运行期厌氧氨氧化发展成为主导反应。MLSS和MLVSS/MLSS先减少后增加,反映了启动过程中硝化细菌、反硝化细菌的衰亡和厌氧氨氧化菌逐渐富集的过程,这与反应器的宏观运行效果相一致。 相似文献
106.
Havenhand JN 《Ambio》2012,41(6):637-644
Increasing partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 is causing ocean pH to fall—a process known as ‘ocean acidification’. Scenario modeling suggests that ocean acidification in the Baltic Sea may cause a ≤3 times increase in acidity (reduction of 0.2–0.4 pH units) by the year 2100. The responses of most Baltic Sea organisms to ocean acidification are poorly understood. Available data suggest that most species and ecologically important groups in the Baltic Sea food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrozoobenthos, cod and sprat) will be robust to the expected changes in pH. These conclusions come from (mostly) single-species and single-factor studies. Determining the emergent effects of ocean acidification on the ecosystem from such studies is problematic, yet very few studies have used multiple stressors and/or multiple trophic levels. There is an urgent need for more data from Baltic Sea populations, particularly from environmentally diverse regions and from controlled mesocosm experiments. In the absence of such information it is difficult to envision the likely effects of future ocean acidification on Baltic Sea species and ecosystems. 相似文献
107.
Previous work has shown that arsenic can accumulate in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) solids (Lytle et~al., 2004) when arsenic is present in the water. The release of arsenic back into the water through particulate transport and/or
chemical release (e.g. desorption, dissolution) could result in elevated arsenic levels at the consumers' tap. The primary
objective of this work was to examine the impact of pH and orthophosphate on the chemical release (i.e. desorption) of arsenic
from nine DWDS solids collected from utilities located in the Midwest. Arsenic release comparisons were based on the examination
of arsenic and other water quality parameters in leach water after contact with the solids over the course of 168~hours. Results
showed that arsenic was released from solids and suggested that arsenic release was a result of desorption rather than dissolution.
Arsenic release generally increased with increasing initial arsenic concentration in the solid and increasing pH levels (in
the test range of 7 to 9). Finally, orthophosphate (3 and 5 mg PO4/L) increased arsenic release at all pH values examined. Based on the study results, utilities with measurable levels of arsenic
present in their water should be aware that some water quality changes can cause arsenic release in the DWDS potentially resulting
in elevated levels at the consumer's tap. 相似文献
108.
pH值对纳米零价铁吸附降解2,4-二氯苯酚的影响 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
在不同pH条件下,对纳米铁(颗粒粒径为30~40 nm)及其降解2,4-二氯苯酚反应体系进行取样,并进行透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱联用(SEM-EDX)以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等形貌观测与分析表征,以考察pH值在纳米零价铁降解氯酚反应过程中的影响和作用.结果表明,在降解2,4-二氯苯酚的过程中纳米铁由分散的颗粒逐渐团聚,其表面逐渐氧化,并最终被呈针状结晶的碱式氧化亚铁(FeOOH)覆盖,从而阻碍了降解反应的进一步进行.在酸性体系中,纳米零价铁的氧化和团聚现象有所缓解,尽管会造成一部分铁量的损失,但反应产生大量的亚铁离子参与并促进了脱氯降解反应的进行,反应过程中溶液pH值有逐渐升高的趋势.不同pH条件下,纳米铁对氯酚的去除率随pH值的降低而升高,酸性条件有利于提高氯酚的还原降解速率,当pH=3时,24 h内氯酚的去除率可达到90%以上. 相似文献
109.
生物质炭对华北平原4种典型土壤N2O排放的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,在降低土壤温室气体排放方面发挥着重要作用.为明确生物质炭对冬小麦苗期土壤N_2O排放的影响,以华北平原的4种典型土壤(水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土)为研究对象,进行田间试验,设置了4个处理:对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施生物质炭(BC)和化肥与生物质炭配施(NPK+BC).结果表明,单施化肥显著增加了4种土壤N_2O排放,与对照相比,水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土N_2O排放分别增加了314%、116%、240%和282%.添加生物质炭对华北平原4种土壤N_2O排放影响存在差异,与CK相比,单施生物质炭水稻土、褐土N_2O排放显著增加了72. 4%和50. 9%,而砂姜黑土和潮土BC与CK处理无显著差异.与NPK相比,生物质炭与化肥配施显著降低了4种土壤N_2O排放.添加生物质炭提高了4种土壤pH,其中,初始pH最低的水稻土,受生物质炭影响较显著,施肥则降低了4种土壤pH.砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土施肥处理N_2O排放通量均与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,水稻土和砂姜黑土单施生物质炭处理N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关. 相似文献
110.
区别于传统的稀释或加缓冲剂调节pH值的方法,本文提出采用微生物电解池(MEC)电调控暗发酵尾液pH值,并进一步采用微生物电合成系统(MES)降解废液产甲烷.结果表明,在MEC处理产氢暗发酵尾液过程中,伴随着阴极侧氢气的产生,暗发酵尾液中大量H+被消耗,溶液pH值从4.5升高到8.7;随后在MES中,产氢发酵尾液中有机物被进一步降解产生甲烷,其平均产甲烷速率达到4.5mmol/(L·d),且在21d内化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到89%,远优于没有经过pH调控的产氢发酵尾液MES中的产甲烷性能. 相似文献