挥发性有机废气生物处理技术研究进展

随着现代工业的快速发展,带来的挥发性有机废气(VOCs)排放到大气中,逐渐增加的VOCs已成为当今关注的重要环境问题之一。生物净化VOCs具有易操作、维护方便、净化效率高、运行费用低、安全性高、无二次污染等优点而备受世界各国的广泛关注。VOCs废气生物处理技术原理是将有机污染物在微生物作用下转换为无害或者低害的物质,而微生物则起到了至关重要的作用。综述了生物滤池、生物滴滤、生物洗涤3种净化工艺的原理和研究进展,将3种反应器优缺点进行了对比;最后论述了该技术当前存在问题及发展趋势。     

CuNiIn 微动磨损涂层失效机理研究

目的系统研究CuNiIn和CuInO_2的晶体结构、体模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松系数、韧性、热膨胀系数、残余应力等物理参量,阐明CuNiIn涂层中生成的其他复合化合物—CuInO_2对CuNiIn机械性能的影响作用机制。方法采用基于密度泛函理论的第一原理,弹性常数采用应力-应变方案,体模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量采用Voigt-Reuss-Hill方法计算。结果CuNiIn和CuInO_2均为机械稳定结构,CuNiIn和CuInO_2的体模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松系数分别为118.2GPa,13.7GPa,39.6GPa,0.44和119.0GPa,36.8GPa,100.1GPa,0.36。化合物CuInO_2的机械模量较CuNiIn高,韧性较差,热膨胀系数较低,涂层的残余应力较高。结论喷涂工艺不适,或CuNiIn涂层服役过程中生成的CuInO_2对微动磨损CuNiIn涂层服役性能有不利影响。     

Ecological knowledge and North Sea environmental policies

In an analysis of North Sea eutrophication science and policies, focusing on the period 1980–2005, it was investigated how scientific information was used in policy-making. The analysis focused on the central assumptions of the rational policy-making model, i.e. that scientific information can be used to formulate decisions, based upon objective scientific information (rational decision-making), and secondly, can support implementing these decisions (rational management). In general terms, the following was concluded:

• •More knowledge has increased rather than reduced uncertainty;
• •In order to handle the problem of dealing with complexity and uncertainty at the political level, a simplification of facts has occurred, in this case focusing on nutrients as the main cause of the problem, at the same time excluding other possible causes;
• •Both the limited scientific view (i.e. the nutrient view) and the exaggeration of the seriousness of the problem (impacts, scope) have been used as an authoritative basis for the justification of political decisions. Both were not supported by the majority of the scientific community;
• •New scientific knowledge, not in support of existing policies, has been excluded from the policy process;
• •The science–policy interface, mainly consisting of “civil-servant scientists”, that emerged and increased its influence over the period of investigation, has been the central element in the simplification and exclusion process.

The main lesson learned is that work at the interface of science and policy must be subject to democratic principles, i.e. be transparent and involving all parties with a stake in the issue under consideration.     

基于隐含碳排放的碳减排目标研究

中国政府以2005年为基年提出了碳减排指标,确定各省碳减排基数对于明确各省碳减排责任具有重要意义.本文结合“十一五”期间节能指标分解过程中存在的问题,分析了省际贸易中隐含的碳排放对于确定各省碳减排基数的影响,并分别基于生产者负责原则和消费者负责原则计算了“十二五”期间各省碳减排基数.计算结果表明:①将工业部门拆分为23个部门能够更加充分反映省际贸易结构差异对于隐含碳排放计算的影响；②省际贸易中隐含碳排放不仅在各省间有较大差异而且呈现出从中西部地区调往东部地区的整体转移方向；③不同原则下各省碳减排基数计算结果存在较大差异,消费者负责原则更加真实地反映了各地区实际减排责任,避免了部分省份通过省际调进代替本省生产的方式实现碳减排目标.     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.     

Willingness to pay towards a public good: how does a refund option affect stated values?

Mandatory taxes and/or voluntary contributions are commonly adopted as the payment vehicle when eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) in environmental valuation studies. While mandatory taxes may arouse negative feelings, voluntary contributions may lead to strategic behaviour (over bidding) or free riding (under bidding). In this paper, we explore an alternative payment vehicle which avoids the draconian undertones associated with taxes and may be more incentive compatible than a voluntary contribution – a tax that incorporates a refund option. The template for such a payment vehicle is the value added tax charged to tourists in Ireland, but which can be reclaimed on exiting the country. In the context of raising public funds to support the conservation of rural countryside landscape, a comparison is made between the elicited WTP via a mandatory tax and that elicited via the alternative payment method incorporating a refund option. While we observe similar participation rates between the two payment methods, the refund option reveals a higher stated WTP.     

Application of nanobalance technique and principal component analysis for detection of the soil fumigant Telone residues in the air

Quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) technique is considered as a powerful mass sensitive sensor for monitoring of materials in the sub-nanogram level. In the current study, a method based on QCN technique developed to determine Telone in air. Various coating materials including methyl phenyl silicon, 75% phenyl (OV25) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) were employed. The frequency shift of OV25-modified quartz crystal was found to be linear against organohalogen compounds [Telone (soil fumigant), Koril (Herbicide), Endosulfan (organochlorine insecticide) and Chloroform (solvent)] concentrations in the range of 2.4 to 48 mg L^?1 for Telone vapor and 4.8–24 mg L^?1 for three other vapors. The correlation coefficients for Telone, Koril, Endosulfan and Chloroform were 0.992, 0.996, 0.989 and 0.991, respectively. The principal component analysis was also utilized to process the frequency response data of the organic vapors. Using principal component analysis, it was found that more than 93.85% of the data variance could still be explained by use of two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Subsequently, the successful discrimination of Telone and other compounds was quite possible through the principal component analysis of the transient responses of the OV25-modified electrode. In the second method, a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated sensor for Telone was developed. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated quartz crystal (MIP-QCN) showed a selective response to Telone and gave a linear relationship between frequency shift and amount of Telone from 1 to 48 mg L^?1. In this investigation, the proficiency of MIP-QCN and OV25-modified QCN sensors were compared.     

风险管理决策方法探讨

分析了影响企业风险管理决策的主要因素,如生存风险度、决策者的风险态度、决策方案的风险度及期望值;进而研究如何将主要因素有机结合并作为风险管理决策的准则,得出风险管理决策时应依次将生存风险度、决策者的风险态度、决策方案的风险度及期望值作为决策依据的论断;通过例证说明具体的风险管理决策过程。结果表明:笔者所研究出的风险管理决策准则与方法能为企业风险管理者提供指导和借鉴。     

基于可能-概率测度转换的危险品运输风险分析

为解决不确定环境下的风险分析问题,针对危险货物运输中风险参数具有不确定性、随机性和模糊性的特点,建立基于概率测度-可能性测度转换原则和模糊逻辑的危险货物运输风险分析方法。首先对具有模糊性的参数直接建立模糊数,对具有随机性的参数建立随机数;接着依据概率测度向可能性测度转换的最优原则,将随机数转换为模糊数;然后根据模糊运算法则进行风险计算和分析。最后通过一个算例验证了模型和算法的有效性。结果表明,提出的方法能处理随机和模糊环境下的风险分析问题,能为风险分析尽可能多地保留不确定性信息,尽可能少地丢失有用信息。     

典型云南高原湖泊叶绿素a与影响因子的定量关系及对比分析

湖泊富营养化的影响因子涉及水文、物化、生物等多方面,具有复合性和非线性特征,定量化其与影响因素间的相关关系有助于识别影响湖泊营养状态的关键因子,可以用较低的成本、较短的时间达到理想的控制效果.云南高原湖泊具有易发生富营养化的自然和气候特征,对其富营养化发生条件及影响因子的分析可为科学的控制决策提供参考.本文选取云南滇池、程海、抚仙湖和异龙湖4个高原湖泊,比较湖泊自然特征与流域社会经济条件的异同;构建包括绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)、结构方程模型(SEM)及人工神经网络模型(ANN)的综合分析方法,重点关注并确定浮游初级生产力的代表指标(叶绿素a,Chla)与相关影响因子间的定量相关关系.研究发现:14个湖泊中,对Chla浓度变化影响最大的均为理化因子,但在各湖中该影响的正、负性及不同理化因子的贡献权重有较大差异;2流域污染源构成的不同在一定程度上影响了入湖的氮、磷负荷,使4个湖泊表现出不同的营养盐限制性特征;3流域面积、湖泊形态及湖体水动力条件影响着营养盐在湖体中的迁移转换,造成4个湖泊富营养化的差异性特征;4对Chla与影响因子间因果关联的识别须结合深入的机理过程分析.