A study of the atmospheric dispersion of a high release of krypton-85 above a complex coastal terrain, comparison with the predictions of Gaussian models (Briggs, Doury, ADMS4)

Atmospheric releases of krypton-85, from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the AREVA NC facility at La Hague (France), were used to test Gaussian models of dispersion. In 2001-2002, the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) studied the atmospheric dispersion of 15 releases, using krypton-85 as a tracer for plumes emitted from two 100-m-high stacks. Krypton-85 is a chemically inert radionuclide. Krypton-85 air concentration measurements were performed on the ground in the downwind direction, at distances between 0.36 and 3.3 km from the release, by neutral or slightly unstable atmospheric conditions. The standard deviation for the horizontal dispersion of the plume and the Atmospheric Transfer Coefficient (ATC) were determined from these measurements. The experimental results were compared with calculations using first generation (Doury, Briggs) and second generation (ADMS 4.0) Gaussian models. The ADMS 4.0 model was used in two configurations; one takes account of the effect of the built-up area, and the other the effect of the roughness of the surface on the plume dispersion. Only the Briggs model correctly reproduced the measured values for the width of the plume, whereas the ADMS 4.0 model overestimated it and the Doury model underestimated it. The agreement of the models with measured values of the ATC varied according to distance from the release point. For distances less than 2 km from the release point, the ADMS 4.0 model achieved the best agreement between model and measurement; beyond this distance, the best agreement was achieved by the Briggs and Doury models.     

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations on the Effect of Rough Surface on Atmospheric Turbulence Flow Above Hilly Terrain Shapes

The behavioral distribution of the atmospheric turbulence flow over the terrain with changes in a rough surface has become one of the most important topics of air pollution research, among such other topics as transportation and dispersion pollutants. In this study, a computational model on atmospheric turbulence flow over a terrain hill shaped with rough surface was investigated under neutral atmospheric conditions. The flow was assumed to be 2D and modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, which were numerically solved using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Rough surface conditions were modeled using a number of windbreak fences regularly spaced on the hill. The mean velocity and turbulent structures such as turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy were investigated in the upwind and downwind regions over the hill, and the numerical models were validated against the wind-tunnel results to optimize the turbulence model. The computational results agreed well with the results obtained from the wind tunnel experiments. The computational results indicate that the mean velocity was observed to increase dramatically around the crest of the upwind slope of the hill. A thick internal boundary layer was observed with a fence on the crest and downwind region of the hill. The reversed flow and recirculation zone were formed in the wake region behind the hill. It was thus determined that turbulent kinetic energy decreases as the mean velocity increases.     

中国东部岩石圈向东增生的三次大型裂解及地球物理场特征

中国东部构造演化,自1200Ma以来曾发生过两次碰撞、三次裂解。并有向东增生的构造岩浆地体。资料表明:①从中国大陆向东至日本、台湾均为人陆型地壳;②中国东部及西太平洋大陆板块的各微板块之间地壳结构不同;③裂解带的形成是由于热点和地幔对流导致大陆解体;④裂解带均显示出高重力正异常,上地幔顶部波速低、具低速层、高热流区的“裂谷垫”性质;⑤增生的构造岩浆地体同位素组成、微量元素与洋中脊玄武岩的性质有较大差异,裂解带的岩浆为大陆地幔的特征;⑥上地幔特征及岩浆分融、分异均显示出横向不连续。也显示山化学边界层和热边界层的不连续。     

火山矿床研究的新进展(1987—1990)

1987-1990年四年中我国火山矿床研究中取得下列诸方面的成就:(1)玢岩铁矿的形成决定于基性-中基性并具有高碱低硅岩浆的演化,结晶分异时低氧逸度条件;从世界范围看,构造背景与板块俯冲带或缝合带(包括板内古缝合带)直接或间接有关;实验研究解决了几种特殊矿物组合如“膏包辉”组合等的物理化学条件问题。(2)随着中生代火山岩区金矿床的不断发现,对含矿主岩、基底及矿床类型与分布规律有了进一步的认识。(3)斑岩型矿床分布广泛,除Cu,Mo外,涉及Pb-Zn,Ag,Au,W及Sn矿床,并发现与国外层火山中心地区可以对比的上部为脉状矿下部为斑岩型铜矿的实例;(4)火山岩中铀矿床多形成于晚白垩世之后,受火山盆地攻破火山口构造的明显控制;(5)西北与西南海相火山岩区的块状硫化物矿床中,明确了黑矿型钢及多金属矿床和独立的金矿床的存在,在分类上除了Cu-,Cu-Zn-,Zn-Cu-Pb-及Zn-Pb-型之外,Cu-Pb型在国外很少有报导。(6)从成因或构造角度进行了火山岩区矿床成矿规律成分布规律的探索,注意到基底性质与基底构造的关系,对分布规律挺出了岩浆活动中心迁移造成的分布格局上的超覆和地区的剥蚀深度问题;(7)区分出非金属矿床的两个系列:次生石英岩系列及玻璃岩系列。通过这些研究,在火山岩中发现了一些新的远景区和新的矿床。     

Performance of various sub-grid scale models in large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow over complex terrain

Turbulent flow over a two-dimensional steep hill was analyzed by large-eddy simulations (LES). Here, six LES computations were carried out using four different sub-grid scale (SGS) models and two different ground surface conditions. The accuracy of these computations was assessed by comparing the results with those from an experiment by Ishihara et al. (An experimental study of turbulent boundary layer over a steep hill, Proceedings of the 15th National Symposium on Wind Engineering, 1998, pp. 61–66; J. Wind Eng. 89 (2001) 573). The results of the dynamic SGS models were in very poor agreement with those of the experiment. The poor prediction accuracy was mainly caused by the inaccurate estimation of the model coefficient near the ground surface. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the dynamic SGS models, a hybrid SGS model, i.e., a combination of the standard Smagorinsky model and the dynamic Smagorinsky model, was introduced. The hybrid model provided very accurate predictions and produced the best results of the four SGS models compared here.     

山区城市土地利用动态空间分布特征——以贵州省六盘水市为例

运用地形位指数和分布指数,借助遥感和地理信息系统技术,对贵州省六盘水市区1990-2010年间土地利用变化空间特征进行定量分析。结果表明:①20 a间土地利用空间分布结构发生了一定的改变,建设用地在低地形位的优势性增强且有向高地形位扩展的趋势,水田的优势分布范围缩小,但在低地形位优势增强,建设用地、 水田在低地形位的优势增强导致旱地、 灌木林地优势分布区间上移并收缩;②研究时段内工作区土地利用变化的空间分布未出现明显的分化,各类型相间分布,未形成明显的以建设用地为中心的带状分布格局;③1990年研究区各土地利用类型在地形位梯度上的分布已经分异成高、 中、 低三段式格局且20 a间未发生明显改变,各土地利用类型的地形适应弹性已经被拉大。     

秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异及其与地形因子的关系

在陕西省境内秦岭山脉中段油松-锐齿槲栎混交林集中分布的区域设置20 块调查样地,采取土壤样品测定了该区森林土壤0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm 3 个土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质7 项养分指标。通过计算不同土壤养分指标的变异系数并应用典范对应分析(CCA)技术,对秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间变异与海拔、坡位、坡向和坡度4 项地形因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:①单因素方差分析显示,随着土层深度增加,全氮、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈极显著下降趋势,而全磷、全钾在不同土层中的含量无显著性差异;②变异系数计算结果表明,各土层的7 项养分指标均表现为中等程度变异性,变异系数最大者是0~20 cm土层速效氮,最小者为0~20 cm土层全钾;③从CCA排序结果看,地形因子对不同土层养分变异的影响程度及因子种类明显不同。0~20 cm表层土壤养分变异受地形因子制约作用较小,20~40 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为坡向和海拔,40~60 cm土层养分的主要影响因子为海拔和坡位,而坡度和海拔则是控制0~60 cm整体土壤层养分变异的主要因素。综上所述,地形高异质性的微生境造成了秦岭山地松栎混交林土壤养分空间分布格局的差异。     

Ecological land classification: A survey approach

A landscape approach to ecological land mapping, as illustrated in this article, proceeds by pattern recognition based on ecological theory. The unit areas delineated are hypotheses that arise from a knowledge of what is ecologically important in the land. Units formed by the mapper are likely to be inefficient or irrelevant for ecological purposes unless he possesses a sound rationale as to the interactions and controlling influences of the structural components of ecosystems. Here is the central problem with what have been called objective multivariate approaches to mapping based on grid units and the sometimes arbitrary attributes thereof; they tend to conceal the importance of ecological theory and the necessity for theory-based supervision of pattern recognition. Multivariate techniques are best used iteratively to verify and refine map units initially recognized and delineated by theoretical considerations. These ideas are illustrated by an example of a reconnaissance survey in the Northwest Territories of Canada.     

SPATIALLY EXPLICIT HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF LAND USE CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: Using a Geographic Information System (GIS), a method is presented to develop a spatially explicit time series of land use in an urbanizing watershed. The method is prefaced on the existence of independent observations of land use at different times and data that describes the spatial‐temporal land use transition characteristics of the watershed between these two points in time. A method is then presented to generalize the TR‐55 graphical method, a common lumped hydrologic model for estimating peak discharge, for use in a spatially explicit scheme. This scheme predicts peak discharge throughout a watershed, rather than at a single selected watershed outlet. Coupling these two methods allows the engineer to model both the temporal and spatial evolution of peak discharge for the watershed. An illustrative watershed in a suburban area of Washington, DC is selected to demonstrate the methods. The model results from these analyses are presented graphically to highlight the complex features in peak discharge behavior that exist both spatially, as a function of position within the watershed drainage network, and temporally, as the watershed undergoes urbanization. These features are not commonly noted in most hydrologic analyses but are captured in these analyses because of the high spatial and temporal resolution of the methods presented. The physical implications of the modeled results are discussed in the context of the information content of a stream gauge located at the overall outlet of the illustrative watershed. This work shows that the common practice of transposition of gauge information to locations internal to the watershed would neglect internal variability in peak discharge behavior, and could potentially lead to the determination of inappropriate design discharges.