流域水质预警体系研究与应用进展

流域水质预警是水质监控管理的重要组成部分,完善的流域水质预警体系可为流域水污染处理提供充足时间和所需信息,有效削减水污染对水环境造成的影响.对国内外的流域水质预警体系研究进展分别从预警体系目标、预警指标、预警阈值及模拟模型4个方面进行了综述,并且对目前国内外典型流域水质预警体系进行了分析.结果表明:流域水质预警体系目标主要从流域水体功能和水体污染风险2个方面进行考虑;预警指标可分为物化和生物毒性指标2类,生物毒性指标可弥补物化指标的不足,但不能完全替代,二者联合并施是未来预警指标筛选的发展方向;预警阈值的制定依据环境质量标准、排放标准、水质现状及污染源特征等信息,采用单指标多次报警、多指标联合报警或物化与生物毒性指标联合报警等方式,可提高预警体系的稳定和可靠性;污染物迁移转化模型已有一些成熟应用,但大部分模型依然需要大量的参数和历史数据才能保证准确性,因此对于大型流域难以适用.目前我国还未有国家层面完整的流域水质预警体系和相关流程在应用,特别是缺乏可靠的污染物迁移转化模型.未来应从建立典型流域水质预警体系着手,集成地方流域成熟应用的污染物迁移转化模型,逐步完善国家层面的流域水质预警体系,为我国流域水质安全提供保障.      

UV/Cl工艺对三氯生的去除与降解机理研究

对UV/Cl高级氧化工艺降解水中广谱抗菌剂三氯生（TCS）进行研究,对比单一UV、单一Cl和UV/Cl工艺对TCS的去除效果.考察UV光强、余氯初始浓度、溶液pH值和氨氮浓度等因素对反应的影响,探究TCS在UV/Cl工艺中的降解机理,评估其生态风险.结果表明,与单一UV、单一Cl相比,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中降解效果较好,反应符合准一级反应动力学,降解速率常数随UV光强、余氯初始浓度增大而增大,随NH₄⁺-N浓度的增加而减小.基于HRMS Q-TOF解析出17种中间产物,提出了降解反应路径.发光细菌毒性分析和ECOSAR预测均表明,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中产生毒性较高的中间产物,随着反应的进行,产生了毒性较低的中间产物,生态环境风险得以减少.     

玄武湖沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生物毒性风险评价

采用ICP－MS仪测定了玄武湖沉积物中Zn、Cd、Ni的含量,并应用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)和地累积指数法（Igeo）对重金属的潜在生物毒性进行分析。结果表明：玄武湖沉积物中Zn、Cd和Ni的含量分别为7526~17911、517~898和4776~14728 mg/kg,分别是为南京土壤环境背景值的108~291、5170~8980和133~411倍,表明Zn的污染程度较轻,Cd和Ni的污染较重,且人为活动对重金属含量有重要影响。沉积物中重金属的分布具有明显的区域特征,Zn、Cd、Ni浓度的最大均值均出现于东南湖(SE L)的沉积物中。利用地累积指数法和生物数据库基准对玄武湖表层沉积物进行生物毒性风险评价得出的结论与此相似,潜在生物毒性风险的顺序依次为Cd＞Ni＞Zn。从采样点的布设来看,东南湖的潜在生物毒性风险最严重。     

铜和异噻唑啉酮类化合物对大型溞的联合毒性研究

异噻唑啉酮类化合物在杀菌、海洋防污等领域的广泛使用和长期排放,对非靶标生物造成了极大的风险.铜是海洋防污中应用最为广泛的无机活性物质和杀菌灭藻剂中常用的稳定剂.因此,研究铜和异噻唑啉酮类化合物的联合毒性效应有着重要的生态意义.本研究测定了CuCl₂、甲基异噻唑啉酮（MIT）和1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮（BIT）对大型溞（Daphnia Magna）的一元、二元急性毒性,以毒性单位（TU）和混合毒性指数（MTI）评价混合物的作用类型.选取浓度加和（Concentration Addition,CA）模型与独立作用（Independent Action,IA）模型为参考并结合三维偏差响应面分析混合物毒性相互作用与浓度变化的规律.结果表明,CuCl₂、MIT和BIT对大型溞的48 h-EC₅₀分别为0.84、1.06和3.90 mg·L^-1.CuCl₂-MIT和CuCl₂-BIT混合体系在等毒性比例下的毒性作用符合IA模型,当混合物中一种化合物进入低效应浓度区间,毒性作用相对IA 模型发生偏移.当混合物组分间毒性差异较大会导致某一组分处于无效应浓度而使混合物的作用模式符合CA模型.本研究可为探索铜与 异噻唑啉酮类化合物联合暴露的环境风险评估提供参考.     

保护陆生生态的土壤铜环境基准研究

通过调研国内外Cu生态毒理研究,收集并筛选土壤Cu的10%效应浓度（EC₁₀）和无效应浓度（NOEC）,分组构建陆生植物/无脊椎动物和土壤生态过程的物种敏感性分布模型（SSD）,结合模型平均法推导不同土地利用方式下重金属Cu的生态安全阈值.针对保护陆生植物/无脊椎动物,自然保护地和农业用地土壤、公园用地、住宅用地和工/商用地的土壤Cu生态阈值分别为10.9~38.9,21.0~77.5,36.6~124,47.6~151mg/kg;针对保护生态过程,自然保护地和农业用地土壤、公园用地、住宅用地和工/商用地的土壤Cu生态阈值分别为4.49~72.2,19.9~135,60.9~220,96.8~277mg/kg.     

New insights into the characterization of the binding of tetracycline analogues with lysozyme: a biophysical study

Tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are the most common members of the widely used veterinary drug tetracyclines, the residue of which in the environment can enter human body, being potentially harmful. Lysozyme is a monomeric protein widely distributed in the nature including human beings, having many physiological and pharmaceutical functions. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of lysozyme with the three tetracyclines (TC, CTC and OTC) through spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. The experimental results revealed that all the three tetracyclines (TCs) can interact with lysozyme with one binding site to form TCs-lysozyme complex, mainly through electrostatic forces with the affinity order: CTC > TC > OTC. The binding of TCs can cause conformational and some microenvironmental changes of lysozyme. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to define the specific binding sites, the results of which show that all the three TCs can bind into lysozyme cleft and interact with the key active-site residues Glu 35 or Asp 52, resulting in competitive inhibition of lysozyme activity. The accurate and full basic data in the work is beneficial to clarifying the binding mechanism of TCs with lysozyme in vivo.     

Effects of nanopesticide chlorfenapyr on mice

The effects of chlorfenapyr nano preparation on mice were examined. The animals were administered with different doses of 4.84, 9.68, or 19.36?mg?kg^?1 of chlorfenapyr common preparation or nano preparation intraperitoneally (IP). Micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay (CA) experiments revealed that at the same dose, similar DNA damage in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the mouse and chromosome damage in bone marrow cells of the mouse occurred with chlorfenapyr nano preparation; however, the severity of these effects was less than that found in common preparation. It is noteworthy that there were no differences in apoptotic ratio and live cell percentage in the liver cells of the mouse between these two pesticide formulations using flow cytometry. Data indicate that chlorfenapyr nanoformulation is less toxic to mouse cells than the common formulation.     

Toxic effect of microcystin-LR on blood vessel development

Abstract

The effect of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at 50–1000?nmol/L on blood vessel development of zebrafish embryos has been explored. Upon exposure 72-h-post-fertilization (hpf), the hatching rate was significantly reduced and malformation and fatality rates were increased in a dose-dependent manner. MC-LR induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1-phase and damaged DNA structure in a dose-dependent manner. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), MC-LR led to decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and increased lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated that MC-LR could cause oxidative DNA damage, which mediated cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation afterwards, and retarded the blood vessel development.     

Photolysis of flumequine: identification of the major phototransformation products and toxicity measures

Direct photolysis of flumequine (FLU, 20 mg L⁻¹) in different types of water (demineralised water (DW) and synthetic seawater (SW)), was conducted in a Suntest CPS + solar simulator to evaluate its persistence and toxicity, and to identify the major phototransformation products (PTPs) generated during photolysis in DW. It was observed that FLU is susceptible to transformation when subjected to direct solar radiation. The composition of the water affects the FLU degradation kinetics, which is slower in SW. Photolytic transformation products generated during direct photolysis were identified by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Fourteen PTPs generated in DW were identified. The transformation of FLU begins with the opening of the heterocyclic ring by oxidation of the double bond. Loss of the fluorine atom and the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring also appear as the majority, especially in the early stages. Comparative acute toxicity evaluation by Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays was performed for the first and last irradiated solutions in both matrices studied. These bioassays demonstrated that in the SW matrix, the most persistent PTPs are highly toxic to D. magna but less so to V. fischeri.     

不同亲疏水性质纳米氧化铝存在下铜对斜生栅藻毒性效应的研究

纳米氧化铝是应用非常广泛的一类人工纳米材料。当它被释放到水环境中后,会与环境中原有的重金属发生相互作用并对其毒性产生影响。文章研究了不同亲疏水性质的纳米氧化铝存在下铜对斜生栅藻的毒性效应,测定了藻细胞的生长抑制、金属积累及超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽、丙二醛等生化指标的变化。结果表明,纳米氧化铝显著降低了铜离子对藻细胞的生长抑制,藻细胞内铜的积累量及氧化损伤降低。但不同亲疏水性质的纳米氧化铝之间并不存在显著差别。这可能是由于纳米氧化铝对水中的铜离子发生了吸附,间接降低了藻液中的不稳态铜的浓度,从而减轻了铜对藻细胞的毒害。而纳米氧化铝的不同亲疏水性质对吸附水中铜离子的能力没有显著的影响。