团粒喷播在废弃采石场生态恢复方面的应用

废弃采石场严重影响城市周边的生态景观,极易导致生态环境的继续恶化。以文登某一采石场破损山体的绿化工程为例,运用团粒喷播生态修复技术对废弃矿山进行生态性治理,并探讨其生态恢复方法,以期为今后废弃矿山的残损山体植被恢复和生态环境重建提供参考。     

焦化废水处理工程调试运行研究

针对焦化废水处理调试运行存在的问题,以实际运行中的焦化废水处理工程为例,介绍了其调试运行过程.指出焦化废水调试及稳定运行的控制要点,并提出调试运行过程中可能出现的问题及解决措施,为同类废水的调试和运行提供参考.     

密云水库流域2000-2005年植被覆盖度变化监测

植被是生态系统最重要的组成部分,而植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况的一个最重要的指标,是生态系统健康评价的前提和必要的基础。文章利用2000和2005年2个时相的Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像为数据源,以BP神经网络法为植被覆盖度估算模型,计算了密云水库流域内不同时期的植被覆盖度,生成了该流域2个时相内的植被覆盖度图,以此分析密云水库流域植被覆盖度的时空变化。结果表明,从2000-2005年,密云水库流域内除无植被覆盖类型外(即水域部分),其余土地利用类型的植被覆盖度都呈增加趋势,其中以沙质地和耕地最为明显,分别增长了29.5%和27.3%,并且密云水库流域的平均植被覆盖度不高,尤其西部地区植被覆盖度较差,水土流失和土地沙化情况比较严重。     

黑岱沟露天矿排土场不同植被配置土壤水分研究——土壤水分垂直动态研究

文章通过黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场不同植被配置土壤水分垂直动态研究,阐述了不同植被配置类型对土壤水分的影响。结果显示：9种植被配置类型的土壤台水量随土层深度的增加而减小,但变化幅度有差异;原生植被处的土壤水分利用层厚度大于人工植被。     

皇甫川流域不同水土治理方式下土壤钾含量的变化

本文采用NaOH熔融法,原子吸收分光光度法和NH4OAc浸提,原子吸收分光光度法,分别测定了皇甫川流域五分地沟试验区不同植被治理措施下土壤的全K和速效K含量,对测定结果的分析表明：①不同治理措施下,土壤中全K含量的大小次序是：人工草地〉农田〉人工灌木〉退化草地〉次生草地〉人工林地〉百里香草原,土壤中速效K含量的大小次序是：人工林地〉百里香草原〉人工灌木〉退化草地〉农田〉次生草地〉人工草地。②不同治理方式对土壤钾含量提高的差异明显,灌草类植被对土壤钾的提高效果较好,杨树林对土壤钾的恢复效果稍差。     

Submerged vegetation removal promotes shift of dominant phytoplankton functional groups in a eutrophic lake

Historical data indicate that the dominance of submerged plants in Dianchi Lake in the 1960 s was characterized by low algal density with dominance of non-toxic group J（Scenedesmus,Pediastrum,etc.）. The removal of submerged plants,which began in the 1970 s,resulted in the expansion of bloom-forming Microcystis（group M）. Laboratory experiments suggested that Microcystis aeruginosa was inclined to grow and develop at elevated temperatures. The growth of Scenedesmus obliquus was slower than that of co-cultivated M. aeruginosa in the absence of Ceratophyllum demersum,especially at higher temperatures. The existence of submerged plant C. demersum could inhibit the growth of the harmful algae M. aeruginosa and this inhibitory effect by C. demersum was enhanced with an increase in temperature. Instead,with C. demersum,the growth of S. obliquus was not inhibited,but the co-cultivated M. aeruginosa was eliminated in a short time. Combined with the historical data and laboratory experiments,it was indicated that the submerged plants might play important roles in the dominance of the non-toxic group J in the historical succession. Consequently,the introduction of the submerged plant such as C. demersum might alter the dominant phytoplankton functional groups from M to J and benefit the restoration of the eutrophic lake.     

北京市PM5.0可吸入颗粒物反演及其时空分布分析

分析城市可吸入颗粒物的空间特征及影响因素对于制定更为有效的可吸入颗粒物污染控制政策具有重要的现实意义.本研究在实际采样和遥感数据处理基础上,构造差值植被指数(DVI),通过建立TM影像与对应PM5.0颗粒物实测值之间的相关关系模型,对北京市2008~2010年3 a的PM5.0的分布进行了反演计算和精度分析;研究了NDBI和NDMI对PM5.0浓度的影响,进一步揭示了北京五环区域范围内可吸入颗粒物的时空分布特征.结果表明,采用DVI反演PM5.0分布的方法可行,反演精度在可接受范围内;整体上研究区2008年PM5.0颗粒物污染最轻,西南三环和四环以及东南三四环之间为颗粒物污染的高值区,西北五环附近颗粒物污染较轻;NDBI(归一化建筑指数)、NDMI(归一化水汽指数)与PM5.0可吸入颗粒物的分布分别呈现显著的负相关和正相关关系,且二者对PM5.0的影响相近.     

生态环境变化遥感评价指数的应用研究——以敖江流域为例

利用1994年5月12日与2009年6月6日的Landsat TM和2001年5月23日的Landsat ETM＋卫星影像,选用遥感生态指数（RSEI）,结合流域的植被覆盖度状况,定量评价了15年间敖江流域的生态环境变化与植被覆盖度变化情况,并对二者的关系进行了简要分析.结果表明：15年间,敖江流域生态等级为优所占的面积比例从13.48％上升到24.90％,增加了304.29 km2;植被覆盖度等级为极高的面积增加比例为29.31％.总体看来,敖江流域生态环境状况和植被覆盖状况均有明显的提高,两者具有较好的对应关系.     

Defining Historical Baselines for Conservation: Ecological Changes Since European Settlement on Vancouver Island,Canada

Abstract: Conservation and restoration goals are often defined by historical baseline conditions that occurred prior to a particular period of human disturbance, such as European settlement in North America. Nevertheless, if ecosystems were heavily influenced by native peoples prior to European settlement, conservation efforts may require active management rather than simple removal of or reductions in recent forms of disturbance. We used pre‐European settlement land survey records (1859–1874) and contemporary vegetation surveys to assess changes over the past 150 years in tree species and habitat composition, forest density, and tree size structure on southern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, British Columbia, Canada. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that frequent historical burning by native peoples, and subsequent fire suppression, have played dominant roles in shaping this landscape. First, the relative frequency of fire‐sensitive species (e.g., cedar [Thuja plicata]) has increased, whereas fire‐tolerant species (e.g., Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii]) have decreased. Tree density has increased 2‐fold, and the proportion of the landscape in forest has greatly increased at the expense of open habitats (plains, savannas), which today contain most of the region's threatened species. Finally, the frequency distribution of tree size has shifted from unimodal to monotonically decreasing, which suggests removal of an important barrier to tree recruitment. In addition, although most of the open habitats are associated with Garry oak (Quercus garryana) at present, most of the open habitats prior to European settlement were associated with Douglas‐fir, which suggests that the current focus on Garry oak as a flagship for the many rare species in savannas may be misguided. Overall, our results indicate that the maintenance and restoration of open habitats will require active management and that historical records can provide critical guidance to such efforts.     

生态修复工程实施后对土壤理化性质改善效益初探

通过监测和田地区生态修复项目实施后所取得生态效益的结果表明,生态修复项目实施后,由于项目区风速降低,温度和相对湿度的变化减少,提高了植被盖度,降低了风蚀量,促进了成土作用的进行,从而逐渐改善了土壤的理化性质。