储油罐区防火堤受力情况分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对防火堤受液态物质冲击时受力状况进行模拟,并对防火堤在冲击载荷下的受力情况进行了分析,指出防火堤在事故状态下的脆弱部分,对油库的安全设计、评价和日常维护具有参考价值。     

排烟方式对大空间建筑火灾空气升温的影响

为了考察烟气排放对大空间建筑火灾温度场的影响,利用FDS程序仿真模拟了火灾场景,系统分析了不同排烟系统对温度场的影响。结果表明:烟气排放对温度的影响较大,最大降温幅度可达原最高温度的50%左右;降温幅度与建筑高度有密切联系;当建筑高度小于12m时,按规范设计的自然排烟系统下的火场温度低于机械排烟的火场温度;当建筑高度达到或超过12m时,自然排烟系统下的火场温度将接近或高于机械排烟的火场温度。     

Post-fire seeding on Wyoming big sagebrush ecological sites: regression analyses of seeded nonnative and native species densities

Since the mid-1980s, sagebrush rangelands in the Great Basin of the United States have experienced more frequent and larger wildfires. These fires affect livestock forage, the sagebrush/grasses/forbs mosaic that is important for many wildlife species (e.g., the greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)), post-fire flammability and fire frequency. When a sagebrush, especially a Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle & A. Young)), dominated area largely devoid of herbaceous perennials burns, it often transitions to an annual dominated and highly flammable plant community that thereafter excludes sagebrush and native perennials. Considerable effort is devoted to revegetating rangeland following fire, but to date there has been very little analysis of the factors that lead to the success of this revegetation. This paper utilizes a revegetation monitoring dataset to examine the densities of three key types of vegetation, specifically nonnative seeded grasses, nonnative seeded forbs, and native Wyoming big sagebrush, at several points in time following seeding. We find that unlike forbs, increasing the seeding rates for grasses does not appear to increase their density (at least for the sites and seeding rates we examined). Also, seeding Wyoming big sagebrush increases its density with time since fire. Seeding of grasses and forbs is less successful at locations that were dominated primarily by annual grasses (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.)), and devoid of shrubs, prior to wildfire. This supports the hypothesis of a "closing window of opportunity" for seeding at locations that burned sagebrush for the first time in recent history.     

Modeling Postfire Response and Recovery using the Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS)1

Abstract: This paper investigates application of the Army Corps of Engineers’ Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS) to a burned watershed in San Bernardino County, California. We evaluate the HEC‐HMS’ ability to simulate discharge in prefire and postfire conditions in a semi arid watershed and the necessary parameterizations for modeling hydrologic response during the immediate, and subsequent recovery, period after a wildfire. The model is applied to City Creek watershed, which was 90% burned during the Old Fire of October 2003. An optimal spatial resolution for the HEC‐HMS model was chosen based on an initial sensitivity analysis of subbasin configurations and related model performance. Five prefire storms were calibrated for the selected model resolution, defining a set of parameters that reasonably simulate prefire conditions. Six postfire storms, two from each of the following rainy (winter) seasons were then selected to simulate postfire response and evaluate relative changes in parameter values and model behavior. There were clear trends in the postfire parameters [initial abstractions (I_a), curve number (CN), and lag time] that reveal significant (and expected) changes in watershed behavior. CN returns to prefire (baseline) values by the end of Year 2, while I_a approaches baseline by the end of the third rainy season. However, lag time remains significantly lower than prefire values throughout the three‐year study period. Our results indicate that recovery of soil conditions and related runoff response is not entirely evidenced by the end of the study period (three rainy seasons postfire). Understanding the evolution of the land surface and related hydrologic properties during the highly dynamic postfire period, and accounting for these changes in model parameterizations, will allow for more accurate and reliable discharge simulations in both the immediate, and subsequent, rainy seasons following fire.     

知识和经验对救援人员实战心理的影响分析

为了解影响救援人员实战心理的关键因素及其作用,采用走访、专家访谈和问卷调查的方法,对我国消防部队的人员组成、心理状况和实战心理进行调查和研究,重点分析消防队员掌握灾害知识和经验积累对实战中出现的恐惧、紧张、急躁等心理的影响。研究结果表明,灾害知识和救援经验的增加对大部分消防队员均能起到消除紧张情绪的作用,知识水平和实战中的紧张与恐惧心理呈现明显的负相关,且影响显著。笔者认为:将救援队伍和人员的灾害知识培训纳入日常工作,对提高救援部队的总体作战能力具有重要作用;对于高级指挥人员,理论知识水平的提高有助于更佳的指挥应对。     

基于金相分析技术的煤矿火灾事故调查试验研究

通过对矿井火灾现场特性的分析,根据金属材料的特点,提出利用金相鉴定技术进行矿井火灾事故调查的新方法,试验测定得出高温作用下40号钢和铸铁的金相组织和硬度的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,不同加热温度条件下,40号钢冷却后具有不同的金相组织,其硬度随受热温度的升高迅速下降;在相同加热温度不同受热时间条件下,40号钢的金相组织与硬度变化不明显。铸铁的硬度随加热时间的增加呈下降趋势,其金相组织也有较明显的区别。根据矿井火灾后降温较为缓慢的特点,提出灰口铸铁与白口铸铁相互转变的方向性。因此,矿井火灾事故调查可以对受到火灾破坏的金属构件的金相组织的观察和硬度测定,来"反推"出该部位在火灾时曾受过的最高温度以及持续时间,从而可推断火灾的蔓延情况,为认定起火原因和起火位置提供技术支持。     

埋地油罐事故伤害范围模拟评价

分析埋地油罐可能发生的火灾爆炸事故,建立事故模拟模型,模拟爆炸物质完全燃烧的质量依据化学计量浓度确定,事故伤害范围的计算用G.M莱克霍夫在砂质土壤中爆炸的冲击波计算方法。对50 m3埋地油罐模拟,油蒸气形成爆炸性混合气体爆炸伤害范围较大,安全范围与《汽车加油加气站设计与施工规范》中相关规定相符合。模拟方法用于埋地储罐的定量安全评价,为罐区选址、建设、安全距离确定及安全预案制定提供参考。     

长走廊内烟气组合控制的数值模拟与试验研究

为研究适用于高层建筑火灾中烟气控制的组合控制模型,提出通过设置防烟缓冲区来改善传统前室正压送风系统,并且与其他烟气控制方式相结合建立组合模型。设计并实施狭长走廊建筑的火灾烟气全尺寸风洞试验;在试验基础上,采用Fire Dynamic Simulation(FDS)软件模拟该风洞在相同试验条件下的火灾现象,对模拟结果和全尺寸试验的数据进行比较分析,发现2者规律吻合,且平均温度误差率为4.08%,验证所建模型的合理性。研究结果还表明在与防烟缓冲区组合中,30 m内走廊段只需设置一个排烟口,且排烟口位置以靠近火源为宜,其排烟效率为72.1%;此外还需要在排烟口后增设挡烟垂壁,来加强排烟效果,从而达到组合模型的最佳烟气控制效果。     

人防工程消防系统设计的若干问题

从人防工程内消防系统的重要性入手,分别从消防水源、消火栓系统的独立分区、消防阀门的设置以及消防排水4个方面探讨了人防工程内消防设计的一些常见问题,强调设计中应考虑平、战结合,方便临战时转换。     

3m直径煤油池火灾火焰特性的数值研究

为了预测油池火灾的火焰特性,采用CFD模拟技术开展静风状态下3 m直径煤油液池的火灾场景模拟,探讨火焰温度、火焰羽流速度、辐射热通量、燃烧产物质量分数等油池火焰特性参数随高度的变化关系;并结合火焰形态分布,提出一种4区域模型,即将湍流扩散火焰划分为油气混合燃烧区、燃烧火焰区、烟尘区和热烟气区来分析燃烧气流在不同高度的实际物理化学特性。此外,通过经验公式和CFD模拟2种方法分别计算出3 m直径煤油池火灾的火焰高度、火焰表面的辐射通量及热辐射破坏半径,并对计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明:2种方法可互相补充完善,有助于池火灾的热辐射危害性评估。