HACCP方法在军用危险品储运管理中的应用

针对军用危险品储运安全所面临的严峻形势,将危害分析和临界控制点(HACCP)方法的预防性管理思想应用在军用危险品的储运管理中。在对某军用危险品仓库储运作业流程分析的基础上,得出各个环节的潜在危害,依据危害对储运安全的影响程度,确定作业中的关键控制点及控制限值。最后针对各个作业环节的潜在危害和关键点,提出预防危害的措施。基于HACCP方法的军用危险品储运管理体系,实现对储运作业各个环节关键点的有效控制,为部队在该领域的安全管理提供了新的思路,具有普遍的应用价值。     

仿生学在作战防护军服中的应用

仿生学是一门综合性较强的创造新技术,不仅推动了人类科技的发展,还为许多科研领域带来了新颖的思维和灵感。本文着重研究了仿生学在作战防护军服上的应用,在对各国新型仿生军服研究的基础上,按照其功能特点加以分类,并逐一介绍了其仿生原理以及在作战防护方面的具体应用。     

装备使用风险管理模型研究

在军事行动中,使用了大量复杂的装备系统,存在相当多的风险因素。如果对其中的风险因素管理不善,风险转化为事故,将造成极大的损失,严重影响部队的战斗力。装备使用风险管理是针对这一问题提出的概念。装备使用风险管理是在提高绩效和最大化作战能力时,用来识别、评估和控制风险的一个逻辑化的决策过程。本文通过分析装备使用风险管理的系统模型——"人-装备-环境-管理-任务"之间的关系及相互作用,并且详细的说明了装备使用风险管理的过程,危险识别、风险评估、分析风险控制、风险控制决策、实施风险控制、监督与评审等六个步骤的过程模型,探讨了风险管理的实施,并且认为风险管理过程的目标就是达到5M模型的最优化。为部队实施风险管理提供参考。     

‘Enclosing country park land and the conservation of military heritage:’ an Ostromian interpretation of the fools’ paradise

British colonial military heritage structures in Hong Kong are in a state of ruin and government neglect. Urgent attention is required in the form of active management to avoid the loss of valuable heritage resources and the negative impact on the landscape and environment. This paper explores two possible alternatives – user participation and social entrepreneur participation – to achieve innovative solutions to rent dissipation of these structures situated in isolated areas within protected-area boundaries, with a focus on a specific case. Emphasis is placed on fostering public participation, involving the allocation of some property rights. Elinor Ostrom's diagnostic approach to common-pool resource problems is applied to both solutions to determine the conditions necessary to achieve the objectives. The discussions are informed by social entrepreneurship principles and a version of the Coase Theorem, the latter coinciding with Ostrom's view regarding the role of property rights in achieving sustainable outcomes.     

中美军用飞机及武器装备部分底漆标准差异浅析

对比分析了我国军用飞机及武器装备用底漆标准与美军标存在的差异,并提出具体的改进措施。综述了中美现有的军用飞机及武器装备用底漆的相关标准,从标准体系和技术指标两方面入手分析了二者存在的差异。由于时间、经验不足等原因,我国现行军用飞机及武器装备底漆标准体系尚不完善,性能指标尤其是耐盐雾和丝状腐蚀性能与美军标有较大差距。提出了我国军用飞机及武器装备用底漆产品研发以及建立和健全我国军用飞机及武器装备底漆标准的建议,有助于全面提升海洋环境下军机及武器装备腐蚀防护与控制水平。     

缓蚀剂在军用飞机维护中的应用研究

目的验证海洋环境下硬膜水置换型缓蚀剂应用于军用飞机连接部位的有效性。方法采用功能渗透性试验、环境谱加速腐蚀对比试验对缓蚀剂性能进行评价,并通过在某型飞机典型结构部位的领先试用验证缓蚀剂的实际应用效果。结果缓蚀剂渗透率可达到85%。应用于军用飞机内部,对腐蚀的发展有明显的抑制作用,可显著延长腐蚀发生的时间。结论应用缓蚀剂作为腐蚀预防的有效手段,可在军用飞机维护中推广应用。     

New Humanitarianism: Does It Provide a Moral Banner for the 21st Century?

There is a 'new humanitarianism' for the new millennium. It is 'principled', 'human-rights based' and politically sensitive. Above all it is new. It marks a break from the past and a rejection of the traditional principles that guided humanitarianism through the last century. New humanitarians reject the political naivety of the past, assess the long-term political impact of relief and are prepared to see humanitarian aid used as a tool to achieve human rights and political goals. New Humanitarianism is compelling, in tune with our times and offers a new moral banner for humanitarians to cling to as we enter the new millennium. Or does it? After outlining the key elements of new humanitarianism, including the human rights approach and developmental relief, the paper spells out some of the dangers. The author claims that new humanitarianism results in an overt politicisation of aid in which agencies themselves use relief as a tool to achieve wider political goals. The paper shows how this approach has spawned a new conditionality which allowsfor aid to be withheld and has produced a moral hierarchy of victims in which some are more deserving than others. The paper concludes with a plea for a revival of the principle of universalism as the first step to a new set of principles.     

军事装备使用风险初探

装备的安全使用是部队安全和战斗力的重要组成部分。由于装备复杂性和使用环境的严酷性，使装备使用过程存在较大的风险性。本文提出了装备使用风险的概念，装备使用风险是装备事故可能性与后果严重度的度量，并划分了风险类型。重点对装备使用风险的特点、影响和因素进行了分析，认为装备使用风险因素复杂，对部队安全和任务的完成有重大影响，需要进行风险管理和控制。最后，讨论了装备使用风险管理的原则和要求，以期促进部队装备安全使用和风险管理工作，从而提高部队的战斗力。     

Inter‐organisational communication in civil–military cooperation during complex emergencies: a case study in Afghanistan1

This paper seeks to contribute to an improved information management and exchange between humanitarian organisations and military agents in complex emergencies. To do so, a theoretical information management process model was developed and applied to the case of information management between International Security Assistance Force troops and humanitarian organisations such as Cordaid, DACAAR and the International Office for Migration in Kabul, Afghanistan. Based on this analysis the main shortcomings and problems in each stage of the information management process were identified. These include a lack of structured information databases, the absence of identification of information needs, and an over‐classification of documents by the military. Using a logical framework analysis, six major improvement tactics were developed, including the creation of more overlap in rotations of personnel, the specification of aims and tasks regarding information management, the improvement of skills and competences of personnel involved, and the introduction of regular joint civil–military evaluations.     

Changes in HIV/AIDS/STI knowledge, attitudes and practices among commercial sex workers and military forces in Port Loko, Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone suffered from 11 years of civil war (1991-2002) resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and mutilations together with massive population displacement. In 2001, ARC International, Sierra Leone conducted a baseline survey of 201 commercial sex workers (CSWs) and 202 military respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding HIV/AIDS and STIs in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. In 2003, a comparable post-intervention survey of 202 CSWs and 205 military respondents was performed. Comparison of baseline and post-intervention results showed that HIV/AIDS knowledge increased among both groups, with those able to name three effective means of avoiding AIDS increasing from 5 per cent to 70 per cent among CSWs, and 11 to 75 per cent among the military. Reported condom use during last sex increased among CSWs from 38 to 68 per cent and among military from 39 to 68 per cent. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenges inherent in a post-conflict country, good-quality AIDS-prevention programmes can be effective.