Zn(Ⅱ)对生物质碳源处理酸性矿山排水中厌氧微生物活性影响

通过厌氧批实验的方法,探讨了在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)法处理模拟酸性矿山排水(AMD)的过程中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,Zn2+浓度对SRB活性的影响.结果表明,在60 d实验中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,当Zn2+初始浓度在73.7～196.8 mg.L-1范围时,SRB具有良好活性,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0上升至中性范围,硫酸根还原率达到96%以上,同时Zn2+浓度降至0.05 mg.L-1以下.Tessier固体形态分类、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析发现,Zn以有机物及硫化物的形态被固定,其中硫化物主要为闪锌矿(ZnS).当Zn2+初始浓度为262.97 mg.L-1时,SRB的活性受到强烈的抑制,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0降至4.0左右,硫酸根还原率只有27%,Zn2+维持在较高浓度范围(25 mg.L-1).油菜秸秆可以作为SRB法长期处理AMD的缓释碳源,能为微生物生长繁殖提供物质和能量;秸秆的吸附性可降低Zn2+的生物毒性,使得SRB可以适应高浓度的Zn2+;SRB可以通过形成硫化物矿物的形式固定元素Zn.     

油菜根系分泌物对不同作物幼苗生长的化感效应

在实验室采用发芽试验的方法研究了油菜Brassicacampestris根系分泌物对小麦、油菜、蚕豆和玉米种子活力、幼苗生长发育及生理生化特性造成的化感效应。结果表明,油菜根系分泌物的化感累加作用对不同作物种子发芽率、幼苗芽长、芽质量、根长、根质量、根系活力以及幼芽过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均具有显著影响,其化感效应对小麦的影响程度最弱,其中对小麦的种子发芽率、幼苗根长、芽干物质量、POD活性和根系活力以及各作物幼芽细胞膜的毒害程度均表现出促进作用,而对小麦幼苗其它生长特性以及油菜、蚕豆和玉米幼苗的所有生长特性均表现为抑制作用,表明油菜根系分泌物对不同作物及不同生长特性的化感效应具有不同的选择性。因此,合理搭配油菜作物的间、套、轮作是其夺取优质、高产栽培的关键技术。     

油菜的自交不亲和性和杂种优势育种

本文综述了油菜自交不亲和性的特征特性、遗传特点、分子机制、甘蓝型油菜自交不亲和性的选育方法、油菜自交不亲和性繁殖和油菜自交不亲和杂种优势利用途径与方法。     

Cumulative impact of GM herbicide-tolerant cropping on arable plants assessed through species-based and functional taxonomies

Background, aim and scope

In a gradualist approach to the introduction of crop biotechnology, the findings of experimentation at one scale are used to predict the outcome of moving to a higher scale of deployment. Movement through scales had occurred for certain genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops in the UK as far as large-scale field trials. However, the land area occupied by these trials was still <1% of the area occupied by the respective non-GM crops. Some means is needed to predict the direction and size of the effect of increasing the area of GMHT cropping on ecological variables such as the diversity among species and trophic interactions. Species-accumulation curves are examined here as a method of indicating regional-scale impacts on botanical diversity from multiple field experiments.

Materials and methods

Data were used from experiments on the effect of (GMHT) crops and non-GM, or conventional, comparators in fields sown with four crop types (beet, maize, spring and winter oilseed rape) at a total of 250 sites in the UK between 2000 and 2003. Indices of biodiversity were measured in a split-field design comparing GMHT with the farmers’ usual weed management. In the original analyses based on the means at site level, effects were detected on the mass of weeds in the three spring crops and the proportion of broadleaf and grass weeds in winter oilseed rape, but not on indices of plant species diversity. To explore the links between site means and total taxa, accumulation curves were constructed based on the number of plant species (a pool of around 250 species in total) and the number of plant functional types (24), inferred from the general life-history characteristics of a species.

Results

Species accumulation differed between GMHT and conventional treatments in direction and size, depending on the type of crop and its conventional management. Differences were mostly in the asymptote of the curve, indicative of the maximum number of species found in a treatment, rather than the steepness of the curve. In winter oilseed rape, 8% more species were accumulated in the GMHT treatment, mainly as a result of the encouragement of grass species by the herbicide when applied in the autumn. (Overall, GMHT winter oilseed rape had strong negative effects on both the food web and the potential weed burden by increasing the biomass of grasses and decreasing that of broadleaf weeds.) In maize, 33% more species—a substantial increase—were accumulated in the GMHT than in the conventional, consistent with the latter’s highly suppressive weed management using triazine herbicides. In the spring oilseed rape and beet, fewer species (around 10%) were accumulated in the GMHT than the conventional. The GMHT treatments did not remove or add any functional (life history) types, however. Differences in species accumulation between treatments appeared to be caused by loss or gain of rarer species. The generality of this effect was confirmed by simulations of species accumulation in which the species complement at each of 50 sites was drawn from a regional pool and subjected to reducing treatment at each site. Shifts in the species-accumulation parameters, comparable to those measured, occurred only when a treatment removed the rarer species at each site.

Discussion

Species accumulation provided a set of simple curve-parameters that captured the net result of numerous local effects of treatments on plant species and, in some instances, the balance between grass and broadleaf types. The direction of effect was not the same in the four crops and depended on the severity of the conventional treatment and on complex interactions between season, herbicide and crop. The accumulation curves gave an indication of potential positive or negative consequences for regional species pools of replacing a conventional practice with GMHT weed management. In this and related studies, a range of indicators, through which diversity was assessed by both species and functional type, and at both site and regional scales, gave more insight into effects of GMHT treatment than provided by any one indicator.

Conclusions

Species accumulation was shown to discriminate at the regional scale between agronomic treatments that had little effect on species number at the field scale. While a comprehensive assessment of GM cropping needs to include an examination of regional effects, as here, the costs of doing this in all instances would be prohibitive. Simulations of diversity-reducing treatments could provide a theoretical framework for predicting the likely regional effects from in-field plant dynamics.

Recommendations and perspectives

Accumulation curves potentially offer a means of linking within-site effects to regional impacts on biodiversity resulting from any change in agricultural practice. To guide empirical measurement, there is a scope to apply a methodology such as individual-based modelling at the field scale to explore the links between agronomic treatments and the relative abundance of plant types. The framework needs to be validated in practice, using species-based and functional taxonomies, the latter defined by measured rather than inferred traits.     

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in bee pollen collected from different areas of Slovakia

Contamination by microscopic fungi and mycotoxins in different bee pollen samples, which were stored under three different ways of storing as freezing, drying and UV radiation, was investigated. During spring 2009, 45 samples of bee-collected pollen were gathered from beekeepers who placed their bee colonies on monocultures of sunflower, rape and poppy fields within their flying distance. Bee pollen was collected from bees’ legs by special devices placed at the entrance to hives. Samples were examined for the concentration and identification of microscopic fungi able to grow on Malt and Czapek-Dox agar and mycotoxins content [deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZON) and total aflatoxins (AFL), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxins (OTA)] by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The total number of microscopic fungi in this study ranged from 2.98 ± 0.02 in frozen sunflower bee pollen to 4.06 ± 0.10 log cfu.g^?1 in sunflower bee pollen after UV radiation. In this study, 449 isolates belonging to 21 fungal species representing 9 genera were found in 45 samples of bee pollen. The total isolates were detected in frozen poppy pollen 29, rape pollen 40, sunflower pollen 80, in dried poppy pollen 12, rape pollen 36, sunflower 78, in poppy pollen after UV radiation treatment 54, rape 59 and sunflower 58. The most frequent isolates of microscopic fungi found in bee pollen samples of all prevalent species were Mucor mucedo (49 isolates), Alternaria alternata (40 isolates), Mucor hiemalis (40 isolates), Aspergillus fumigatus (33 isolates) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (31 isolates). The most frequently found isolates were detected in sunflower bee pollen frozen (80 isolates) and the lowest number of isolates was observed in poppy bee pollen dried (12 isolates). The most prevalent mycotoxin of poppy bee pollen was ZON (361.55 ± 0.26 μg.kg^?1), in rape bee pollen T-2 toxin (265.40 ± 0.18 μg.kg^?1) and in sunflower bee pollen T-2 toxin (364.72 ± 0.13 μg.kg^?1) in all cases in frozen samples.     

Comparison of a diurnal vs steady-state ozone exposure profile on growth and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in open-top chambers in the Yangtze Delta, China

Most available exposure-response relationships for assessing crop loss due to elevated ozone (O₃) have been established using data from chamber and open-top chamber experiments, using a simulated constant O₃ concentration exposure (square wave), which is not consistent with the diurnal variation of O₃ concentration that occurs in nature. We investigated the response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to O₃ as affected by two exposure regimes: one with a diurnal variation (CF100D) and another with a constant concentration (CF100). Although the two exposure regimes have the same mean O₃ concentration and accumulated O₃ concentration above 40 ppb (AOT40), our results show that O₃ at CF100D reduced biomass and number of pods/plant more than O₃ at CF100. Both O₃ exposures resulted in larger seed weights/100 pods compared to CF. Numbers of seeds/100 pods were reduced by CF100, while numbers of seeds/100 pods in the CF100D chambers were comparable to those in CF. Our results suggest that chamber experiments that use a constant O₃ exposure may underestimate O₃ effects on biomass and yields.     

RAPD方法鉴定油菜“杂油59”种子纯度的研究

本文采用ＲＡＰＤ分子标记技术对我国育成的油菜新品种“杂油５９”的亲本和Ｆ１代种子纯度进行了技术鉴定。用４０个１０ｍｅｒ的随机引物对“杂油５９”的２个亲本“垦Ｃ８”和“陕３Ａ”进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析,共出现２９０条带,分布于３５３０～２２０ｂｐ之间,大部分条带在双亲之间是相同的。引物Ｏｐａ－Ｏ６,Ｏｐｃ－１２,Ｏｐｃ－２０,Ｏｐｋ－０３,ｏｐｋ－１３,Ｏｐｊ－１２出现差异扩增带,经实验确认Ｏｐｋ－０３的     

秦岭南部地区农业气候资源的变化及其对油菜的影响

秦岭南部地区地形及气候条件复杂,作为油菜主要种植区之一,研究其农业气候资源的变化特征及其对油菜的影响,可以为该区有效利用农业气候资源、合理安排农事活动提高油菜生产提供实践参考。以1960~2014年秦岭南部33个站点的逐日气象数据和近25a各省市统计年鉴资料,通过滑动平均、线性倾向估计、灰色关联分析等方法,研究秦岭南部农业气候资源的时空变化特征及对油菜产量的影响。结果表明:(1)近55a来,秦岭南部地区油菜生长季内平均气温和≥5℃积温呈上升趋势,平均速率分别为0.2、29.3℃/10 a,冻害指数、降水量、开花期降水量和相对湿度与日照时数都呈减少趋势,平均每10 a分别减少0.3、14.8 mm、1.4 mm、0.6%、32.2 h。(2)近55a来研究区油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温的多年平均空间分布都表现为由西南向东北方向递减,冻害指数的空间变化与二者相反,表明越冬期极端最低气温值在空间上由西南向东北逐渐减小;其水资源指标多年平均空间分布由南向北递减,日照时数则由西南向东北递增。(3)1960~2014年秦岭南部油菜生长季内平均气温与≥5℃积温在空间上均呈极显著的增加趋势,研究区西部变化幅度较小,东部变化幅度较大,冻害指数的空间变化趋势与二者相同;水资源与日照时数在空间上均呈极显著的减少趋势,只有少数站点表现为极显著的增加趋势,而日照时数在研究区东部变化幅度相对较大,其余区域变化幅度相对较小。总体上,平均气温和≥5℃积温高值区的变化幅度小,低值区变化幅度大,其他指标与之相反。(4)近25a来秦岭南部油菜气候产量呈不明显的上升趋势,平均速率为3.79 kg/(a·hm~2),其空间变化幅度差异大,且大部分站点的变化趋势均不显著;由关联度得作用于各区域油菜气候产量的主要影响因子存在差异。各农业气候资源指标的变化幅度越大,对油菜单产的可能影响相对较大。     

酸雨对水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发的影响

采用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0与5.0模拟酸雨处理水稻、小麦和油菜种子的实验结果表明,3者在pH 2.0时不发芽,在pH 2.5时只有水稻和小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时,水稻、小麦和油菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数都与pH值显著正相关,水稻和小麦的异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低.部分生理指标的实验结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率和贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,水稻与小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;水稻、小麦和油菜的芽、根长抑制指数都与pH值显著负相关.酸雨胁迫下,种子各项指标变幅为水稻＜小麦＜油菜,这表明抗酸雨胁迫能力为水稻＞小麦＞油菜.     

硫对土壤中硒形态变化及油菜硒吸收的影响

本研究以优质高产甘蓝型油菜(湘农油571)为试验材料,通过苗期土培和溶液培养试验,分析了硫肥对外源施硒条件下土壤硒赋存形态和硒价态变化的影响,旨在揭示硫调控油菜硒吸收的作用机制.结果表明,5 mg·kg-1硒和150 mg·kg-1硫对油菜生长都有一定的促进作用,但这种促进都没有达到显著水平;施硫可以显著降低油菜地上部和根的硒含量,最高降幅分别为64.0%和39.1%;施硫可以显著降低土壤pH值,最高可降低0.65个单位,显著增加土壤有机质含量,最高可增加1.76 g·kg-1;施硫可以显著降低水溶态硒和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量并显著增加有机结合态硒含量,而对交换态和残渣态硒含量的影响不显著;施硫可以显著降低水溶态并显著增加交换态中四价硒的含量,对这两种形态中的六价硒含量都表现为显著的降低作用,对负二价硒含量没有显著的影响;油菜对两种硒价态的吸收差异与硫密切相关,无硫时,六价硒处理的苗期油菜地上部和根的硒含量为四价硒处理的7.3倍和3.2倍,而硫浓度为2 mmol·L-1时,其硒含量却不及四价硒处理的32.6%和8.7%.总体上,施用适量硫肥在改善作物生长的同时可以通过降低土壤pH值和提高有机质含量促使水溶态硒在土壤中向铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的钝化并抑制硒向六价态的转化来降低油菜对硒的吸收,对合理调控富硒地区作物硒含量,保证我国居民饮食质量和安全、土壤硒资源长效利用及区域经济发展具有重要意义.