大气环境质量评价的灰色加权关联度法

本文根据各种污染因子对环境质量的不同影响，在将灰色关联度分析法应用于大气环境质量评价过程中引入了加权求取关联度的方法，获得了更为合理可靠的评价结果．     

Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water

Eight sediment cores recovered from Tamaki Estuary were analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd using downward cored sub-samples. The results indicate a significant upward enrichment in heavy metals with the highest concentrations found in the uppermost 0–10 cm layer. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in marine sediments requires knowledge of pre-anthropogenic metal concentrations to act as a reference against which measured values can be compared. Pristine values for the cored sediments were determined from flat “base-line” metal trends evident in lower core samples. Various methods for calculating metal enrichment and contamination factors are reviewed in detail and a modified and more robust version of the procedure for calculating the degree of contamination is proposed. The revised procedure allows the incorporation of a flexible range of pollutants, including various organic species, and the degree of contamination is expressed as an average ratio rather than an absolute summation number. Comparative data for normalized enrichment factors and the modified degree of contamination show that Tamaki Estuary sediments have suffered significant systematic heavy metal contamination following catchment urbanization. Compared to baseline values the uppermost sediment layers show four-fold enrichment averaged across eight cores and four analysed metals.     

大气环境质量综合评价的集对分析方法

阐述了集对分析法用于大气环境质量综合评价的基本思想,提出了多项污染物综合联系度表达式中的合成同一度、合成差异度和合成立并的计算公式。该方法应用于成都市1982～1987年间大气环境质量综合评价结果与实际情况符合。      

区域环境承载力与工业布局研究

利用区域环境承载力理论对城市工业布局进行了探讨，提出了工业布局合理度的概念，并将它应用于北海市的城市环境规划之中，对其工业布局现状进行了评价．     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.     

关于环境空气质量和谐度的研究与应用

在目前我国城市都在应用空气污染指数来评价空气质量的基础上,提出应用环境空气质量和谐度来评价大、中型城市环境空气质量,详细阐述了环境空气质量和谐度的定义、评价依据、级别划分、评价方法以及定性描述,并对环境空气质量和谐度对城市环境空气质量评价进行了应用。     

我国牧区雪灾判别因子体系及分级初探

本文通过对与一场降雪能否成灾有关的因素进行分析，确定了对一场降雪能否成灾进行判断的判别因子体系，并通过对西藏那曲地区十多年历史积雪气候资料的统计分析，确定了判别因子的分级标准。且运用这些判别因子和分级标准，在判别模型支持下对那曲历史雪灾及其危险程度进行判别与归类，结果与实情基本吻合，说明此判别因子体系及分级标准是可行的。     

基于灰关联度的事故聚类分析

事故是来自系统和环境的风险 ,危害人类的生产、生活和生存活动。对事故进行科学分类是安全管理和事故处理的重要基础。笔者针对现行事故等级分类标准的不足 ,分析了事故造成的人员伤亡和经济损失等多属性特征 ;通过灰关联度确定了各属性指标的不同权重 ,定义了事故间的加权欧氏距离 ;根据事故属性指标的相似度 ,利用聚类分析对事故进行了分类 ;以 2 0 0 3年全国发生的 14起特别重大事故为例进行了实证分析。提出的事故分类思想和方法 ,综合考虑了事故所造成的损失 ,理论严谨、方法实用有效 ,可作为政府有关部门进行事故分类和事故处理的决策依据。     

城市火险天气等级多因子综合预报法

在“城市火灾中关键气象因子的诊断分析”的基础上,通过权重系数法四季城市火灾率多因子综合预报法,     

Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter and sediments of Gediz River (Eastern Aegean)

The present paper is the first document of heavy metal levels in surficial sediment, water and particulate matter of the Gediz River collected from five different sites in August, October 1998, February, June 1999. The present work attempts to establish the status of distribution and environmental implications of metals in the sediment, water and particulate matter and their possible sources of derivation. The concentrations of mercury ranged 0.037–0.81, 120–430; lead 0.59–1.5, 190–8,100; copper 0.24–1.6, 30–180; zinc 0.19–2.9, 10–80; manganese 30–170, 20–490; nickel 0.39–9.0, 100–510; iron 1.3–687, 100–6,200 μg/l in water and particulate matter, respectively. The maximum values in water were generally obtained in summer periods due to industrial and agricultural activities at Muradiye. The particulate metal concentrations also generally showed increased levels from the upper Gediz to the mouth of the river. Calculation of metal partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and the water phases varies in response to water hydrochemistry and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in the Gediz River. The metals ranged between Hg: 0.25–0.49, Cr: 59–814, Pb: 38–198, Cu: 15–148, Zn: 34–196, Mn: 235–1,371, Ni: 35–175, and Fe: 10,629–72,387 mg/kg in sediment. The significant increase of metals found in Muradiye suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Also, relatively high concentrations of Ni and Mn occurred in sampling site upstream, due to geochemical composition of the sediments. Maximum values of contamination factor for metals were noticed for sediment of Muradiye. The sampling stations have very high degree of contamination indicating serious anthropogenic pollution.