2016年北京市春节大气颗粒物污染特征激光雷达监测分析

基于激光雷达大气颗粒物消光系数实时数据以及PM_2.5和PM₁₀自动在线监测数据对北京市2016年春节期间（2月7~13日）大气污染进行系统分析.除夕夜间受燃放烟花爆竹影响,大气颗粒物浓度在短时间内急剧攀升,市中心的官园站PM_2.5浓度最大值达到639.3 μg·m^-3,9 h内增长了近30倍,城郊的琉璃河站及定陵站颗粒物最大小时浓度均超过1000 μg·m^-3,显著高于市中心的官园站.初三至初五存在持续的颗粒物高浓度污染且城郊的颗粒物浓度均高于市中心.激光雷达的监测结果表明,除夕燃放时段内3个站点105 m处的消光系数显著高于405 m,呈现出明显的鞭炮燃放排放污染特征.3个站点的垂直消光特性存在显著差异,大气清洁时1.0 km下定陵、车公庄及琉璃河的背景极值分别为0.09、0.20和0.19 km^-1,2月8日00：00的消光系数最大值分别为0.23、1.36和1.19 km^-1,为同时刻同高度背景值的2.6倍、6.8倍和6.0倍,燃放烟花爆竹使得颗粒物的消光系数短时间内急剧增大.     

淮北地区一次春季浮尘天气成因研究

利用激光气溶胶雷达和风廓线雷达,结合卫星遥感资料、地面气象要素资料、大气气溶胶浓度资料和HYSPLIT模型,研究了2017年5月5—8日淮北地区一次沙尘天气过程的特征.结果表明,2017年5月5—6日上午的浮尘(过程1)是由西北-华北地区的远距离输送所致,其中PM_(10)峰值浓度高达766μg·m~(-3),而6日下午—7日的浮尘(过程2)是冷空气回流所导致.外源输入、气象要素和垂直风场的变化为浮尘天气的发生和维持创造了有利条件,降水的出现使本次浮尘天气过程结束.激光气溶胶雷达可以有效监测此次浮尘天气的大气气溶胶消光系数的空间分布,能直观准确地反映出污染物的分布聚集情况以及时空变化,对大气污染监测具有重要意义.本研究还提出了适合江苏地区的浮尘客观判定方法,SO_2/PM_(10)、NO_2/PM_(10)以及PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的比值可以有效判别浮尘天气.     

Three-Dimensional Ground-Based Measurements of Urban Air Quality to Evaluate Satellite Derived Interpretations for Urban Air Pollution

Urban air quality and meteorological measurements were carried out in the region of Brescia (Italy) simultaneously to the acquisition of satellite data during winter and summer smog conditions in 1999. The main objectives of the campaigns were: delivery of data for the validation of air pollution interpretations based on satellite imagery, and determination of the aerosol optical thickness in spectral ranges similar to those used by satellites. During the winter campaign the ground-based network was complemented by local stations and by SODAR, DOAS, and FTIR remote sensing measurements. Size distributions of aerosol particles up to 4,000 m a.s.l. were measured by means of an ultra-light aircraft, which was also equipped with meteorological sensors and an ozone sensor. During the summer campaign an interference filter actinometer, an integrating nephelometer and an ozone LIDAR were operated additionally. The satellite images acquired and processed were taken from SPOT. Optical thickness retrieved from interference filter actinometer measurements were compared with the retrievals from the satellite imagery in the same spectral intervals. It is concluded that remaining aerosols in the reference image yield an off-set in the satellite retrieval data and that information about the vertical structure of the boundary layer is very important.     

EVALUATION OF LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR) FOR MEASURING RIVER CORRIDOR TOPOGRAPHY1

ABSTRACT: LIDAR is relatively new in the commercial market for remote sensing of topography and it is difficult to find objective reporting on the accuracy of LIDAR measurements in an applied context. Accuracy specifications for LIDAR data in published evaluations range from 1 to 2 m root mean square error (RMSEx,y) and 15 to 20 cm RMSEz. Most of these estimates are based on measurements over relatively flat, homogeneous terrain. This study evaluated the accuracy of one LIDAR data set over a range of terrain types in a western river corridor. Elevation errors based on measurements over all terrain types were larger (RMSEz equals 43 cm) than values typically reported. This result is largely attributable to horizontal positioning limitations (1 to 2 m RMSEx,y) in areas with variable terrain and large topographic relief. Cross‐sectional profiles indicated algorithms that were effective for removing vegetation in relatively flat terrain were less effective near the active channel where dense vegetation was found in a narrow band along a low terrace. LIDAR provides relatively accurate data at densities (50,000 to 100,000 points per km²) not feasible with other survey technologies. Other options for projects requiring higher accuracy include low‐altitude aerial photography and intensive ground surveying.