虚拟水战略:拯救民勤绿洲的新思路

位于甘肃石羊河下游的民绿洲，水资源极度缺乏，生产、生活和生态用水矛盾突出，出现了严重的生态危机，其中湖区的生态经济系统已呈“崩溃”之势。拯救民勤绿洲成为社会广泛关注的重大问题。“虚拟水”是20世纪90年代初Tony Allan提出的一个新概念，虚拟水战略是指贫水区域通过贸易的方式从富水地区购进水资源密集型产品来获得本区水资源安全的一种构想。本文通过对节水、调水、移民等常规方案与虚拟水战略的对比分析后，认为虚拟水战略是拯救民勤绿洲的一个全新思路，探讨了虚拟水战略实施的政策建议；提出了创新区域水资源管理体制和区域经济发展思路以及建立国家生态补偿机制的主张。     

Environmental characteristics of sandstorm in Minqin Oasis in China for Recent 50 years

IntroductionAsandstormis a kind of severe weather phenomenawhere strong winds blowa huge amount of sand and dust intothe air ,reducing the horizontal visibility to less than 1 km( Wang, 2003a) . It is not only an important process ofaccelerating land dese…     

土地利用变化下的生态系统服务敏感性研究——以克里雅绿洲为例

通过剖析传统的敏感性分析法,提出交叉敏感性概念,评价生态服务价值对土地利用类型转换的响应性。以克里雅绿洲为研究区域,以1991、2002 和2011 年三期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,运用交叉敏感性分析,计算生态系统服务价值对土地利用类型转换的敏感性,确定生态系统日趋敏感的土地利用变化过程,为土地管理对策提供参考依据。研究结果表明:20 a来,克里雅绿洲生态服务价值较敏感的土地利用转换类型相对稳定,主要集中在湿地和水体向荒漠和低覆盖度草地的转换;与1991 和2011 年相比,2002 年的交叉敏感性系数普遍上升,这主要是因为湿地、水体面积的减少加剧了研究区的生态脆弱性,从而表现出更大的敏感性;湿地和水体向耕地转换的交叉敏感性一直处于上升趋势,并不断接近于-1,表明生态服务价值对高强度的人为活动变得越来越敏感,从而警示地方管理部门采取必要措施制止此种转换的持续。     

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer＇s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of watersaving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bioconomic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer＇s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer＇s welfare.     

额济纳绿洲生物多样性保护与可持续发展对策研究

本文论述了额济纳绿洲生物多样性的基本内涵与保护价值，提出保护绿洲生物多样性的措施及策略。     

新疆绿洲城市夏季农田区对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度特征分析

2014年夏季6~8月利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX DOAS)在新疆绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市三道坝镇、库尔勒市西尼尔镇及博乐市84团农田区观测的NO_2垂直柱浓度(VCD)数据,结合同期的气象数据分析了NO_2VCD的变化特征。研究表明:1NO_2气体的日变化规律在乌鲁木齐市和库尔勒市农田区呈波浪式多峰特征,博乐市农田区呈明显的双峰形式,且峰值除了库尔勒市在午后外,乌鲁木齐市和博乐市均出现在早晚时段;2新疆绿洲城市农田区在夏季6月(3.327×1015molec/cm~2)的NO_2VCD最高,其次是7月(2.002×1015molec/cm~2),最低是8月(1.656×1015molec/cm2);3NO_2VCD与气温、水汽压气象要素密切相关;由于城市间地势、格局的差异,库尔勒市的NO_2浓度与风速呈显著正相关,乌鲁木齐市、博乐市的NO_2浓度与风速相关性不显著。     

A methodology of characterizing status and trend of land changes in oases: a case study of Sangong River watershed, Xinjiang, China

Land change is often studied with Markov models to develop a probability transition matrix. The existing methods dependent on such matrixes cannot effectively characterize some important aspects associated with land change such as status, direction, trend and regional variations. This study presents mathematical models to quantify these elements, defining unbalanced, quasi-balanced and balanced status, one- and two-way transitions and the rising or falling trends. Using these models and remote-sensing imageries, the landscape was studied for a case area, the oasis of Sangong River in Xinjiang, Northwest China where typical arid conditions prevail. Land expansion and contraction among various land types and for the entire oasis were analyzed for the periods of 1978-1987, 1978-1998 and 1987-1998. The changes were closely related to a strong economic growth after the land-reform campaign and adoption of the market economy in China in the 1980s to early 1990s, a process not strictly Markovian that requires stationarity and randomness. Information on land-change status and trend is important for a better understanding of the underlying driving processes but also for land-use planning and decision-making.     

Emission Patterns under Alternative Congestion and Motor Vehicle Pollution Mitigation Policies in Shanghai

Abstract

Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot converge and develop in the south. It has always been an important green barrier to guarantee the eco-security of Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road for thousands of years. But in recent decades, Minqin Oasis is becoming smaller and the desert is becoming larger. Many people, especially the governmental officials in the lower reaches think that the upper and middle reaches have robbed the lower reaches of water resources, and caused insufficient water usage and the deteriorated eco-environment, in the lower reaches, However, the governmental officials in the upper and middle reaches claim that the whole river basin should take the upper and middle reaches as the key regions to develop economy. To address the above argument, we analyze the reasons why Minqin Oasis is disappearing, and find that there are two main factors. One is the quick development of population and economy in the upper and middle reaches; the other is the rapid development of population and economy in the lower reaches. The two factors both have great effect on the water utilization for eco-environment in the lower reaches. So Minqin Oasis is disappearing not only because of the upper and middle reaches but also because of the growth of population and economy itself. The lower reaches should not completely blame the upper and middle reaches. The upper and middle reaches should also pay more attention to the eco-environment in the lower reaches. The whole river basin should develop a harmonious and sustainable relationship among the upper, middle and lower reaches.     

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer’s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of water-saving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bio-economic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer’s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer’s welfare.