The joint effects of sulfonamides and their potentiator on Photobacterium phosphoreum: differences between the acute and chronic mixture toxicity mechanisms

Organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of chemicals over long periods of time; thus, chronic mixture toxicity analysis is the best way to perform risk assessment in regards to organisms. However, most studies focus on the acute mixture toxicity. To investigate the difference between chronic mixture toxicity and acute mixture toxicity, Photobacterium phosphoreum were exposed to chronic (24 h exposure) and acute (15 min exposure) toxicity of single sulfonamide (SA) and their potentiator (trimethoprim, TMP), both individually and mixtures (SA with TMP). A comparison of chronic vs. acute mixture toxicity revealed the presence of an interesting phenomenon, that is, that the joint effects vary with the duration of exposure; the acute mixture toxicity was antagonistic, whereas the chronic mixture toxicity was synergistic. Based on the approach of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) and molecular docking, this phenomenon was proved to be caused by the presence of two points of dissimilarity between the acute and chronic mixture toxicity mechanism: (1) the receptor protein of SAs in acute toxicity was Luc, while in chronic toxicity it was Dhps, and (2) there is a difference between actual concentration of binding-Luc in acute toxicity and individual binding-Dhps in chronic toxicity. This deep insight into the difference between chronic and acute mixture toxicity will benefit environmental science, medical science, and other disciplines. The existence of these differences poses a challenge for the assessment of routine combinations in medicine, risk assessment, and mixture pollutant control, in which, previously, only a synergistic effect has been observed between SA and their potentiator.     

酚类化合物对小白鼠脾脏细胞DNA毒性的构效相关研究

应用彗星实验技术,测定了12种酚类化合物对小白鼠脾脏细胞DNA的损伤水平.应用Hansch法和量子化学MOPAC-PM3方法计算了12种酚类化合物的辛醇-水分配系数、分子折射率、分子最高占据轨道能和分子中最正原子电荷.运用SPSS统计软件进行回归分析,对小白鼠脾脏细胞DNA的损伤率进行了定量结构-活性相关研究(QSAR).结果表明,酚类化合物的亲脂性参数和分子折射率能有效地表征它们所引起的DNA的损伤程度.由化合物的电性效应引起的细胞毒性可忽略.     

定量构效关系（QSARs）及替代生物体的应用

对应用定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法估算有机污染物的毒性进行了评述，结果表明，对以非反应性毒性机理起主导作用的大量不同的有机污染物，定量构效关系及替代生物种间相关方法预测毒性均非常成功。同时指出了所讨论的每一种方法的优点与不足。     

取代芳烃对酵母菌毒性的定量结构－活性相关研究

定量测定了苯胺类、苯甲酸类、卤代苯类、苯腈类、硝基苯类、苯酚类等６类化合物对酵母菌的生长抑制毒性，结果表明化合物的最小产生清晰抑菌圈浓度Ｃｍｉｚ与辛醇－水分配系数及一阶分子连接性价指数有如下关系：ｌｏｇ（１／Ｃｍｉｚ）＝０．３８ｌｏｇＫｏｗ＋０．３３＾１Ｘ＾ｖ－０．３８ ｒ＝０．９２ ｓ＝０．２２ ｎ＝７７。在上述６类取代苯类化合物中，它们与酵母菌的反应性大小有如下顺序：卤代苯类≈苯甲酸类〈苯胺类     

取代芳烃对藻类毒性与结构参数之间的定量关系研究

采用OECD标准方法测定了40种取代芳烃化合物对绿藻的48h急性毒性,毒性最强的是邻二硝基苯,其lg1 EC50为5 04;毒性最弱的是苯酚,其lg1 EC50仅为2 46。计算得到所研究化合物的分子最低空轨道能((ELUMO))、分子最高占有轨道能((EHOMO))、范德华面积((sVdW))及分子量(Mw)。对化合物毒性和结构参数进行了定量的结构与活性关系(QSARs)研究。所研究化合物对绿藻的毒性主要分子的轨道能和空间参数有关。方程(lg1 EC50=-1 029(EHOMO)+0 025(sVdW)-8 322,R2(adj)=0 824)有很好的预测能力,训练组的平均相对误差为6 10%,测试组的平均误差为6 99%。苯酚和苯胺类化合物属于极性麻醉剂,其毒性与空间参数或疏水性有关;硝基苯类是反应型化合物,可作为亲电子试剂,产生相应的潜在毒性更强的亚硝基化合物,其毒性一般与分子轨道能有关。