Genotoxicity of vegetables irrigated by industrial wastewater

IntroductionPollution of natural waters with waste effluentsarising from various industries has become a seriousproblem in India.In Rajasthan particularly,textilemills represent an important economic sector.Effluents from these textile and other dye-relat…     

国产防锈水及其组成成分对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌诱发突变作用的研究

国产防锈水对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌直接试验和加肝微粒体酶试验均能引起TA100菌株突变,并且有剂量-效应关系。对于各主要成分的分别检查表明,工业品亚硝酸钠可能含有的杂质或在贮藏过程中形成的物质对沙门氏菌有直接致突变作用。进一步研究发现,分析纯亚硝酸钠本身Ames直接试验阴性,但使用分析纯的亚硝酸钠与聚乙二醇、三乙醇胺配成的防锈水Ames直接、间接试验均为阳性,这提示亚硝酸钠与三乙醇胺等在一起产生了新的直接或间接的致突变物质,防锈水配方中亚硝酸钠、三乙醇胺的存在可能在体内、体外合成N-亚硝基化合物。     

天然及甲酸改性沸石对沙门氏菌K533吸附作用的影响

采用甲酸对天然沸石改性,通过测定其比表面积和XRD图谱评定其结构变化;并在不同浓度的K+、Cu2+、HPO42-存在条件下,比较了天然沸石及改性加工后对沙门氏菌K533的吸附性能.结果表明:天然沸石经甲酸改性后,BET比表面积增加;由XRD图谱可见,改性沸石表面杂质减少;在离子浓度相同的条件下,改性沸石对沙门氏菌K533的吸附量极显著高于天然沸石(P<0.01),且在一定离子浓度范围内,天然沸石、改性沸石的吸附量随离子浓度的增加而增大.综上所述,甲酸改性沸石对沙门氏菌K533的吸附性能优于天然沸石.     

一株好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从湖北某纺织厂废水生化处理池中分离得到1株好氧反硝化细菌HS-N2,并对其反硝化能力进行了研究。结果表明,HS-N2在能有效去除培养基中的硝酸盐氮。在好氧条件下,30℃培养24h,能将10mmol/L硝酸盐氮去除95%以上;在兼性厌氧条件下,24h的脱氮率达到85%。研究了该菌株的好氧反硝化特性。结果表明:其反硝化最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0。设计特异性引物,扩增HS-N2菌株的16SrDNA并测序,运用Blast比对构建了进化树,发现该菌与肠炎沙门氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis)的同源性高达100%。结合形态观察和生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定该菌属于沙门氏菌属(Salmonella),命名为Salmonella sp.HS-N2。目前关于沙门氏菌属具有反硝化能力的菌株鲜有报道。     

污泥厌氧消化和后续处理中沙门氏菌杀灭及VBNC发生

应用最大或然数(MPN)培养法和反转录定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术研究了4种污泥厌氧消化方式以及后续处理过程中沙门氏菌杀灭及有活性但不可培养(VBNC)状态的发生情况.中温厌氧消化(MAD)和高温预处理后中温消化(65℃+MAD)的沙门氏菌分别减少了2.8和5.6个数量级;高温厌氧消化(TAD)和高温-中温两相厌氧消化(TPAD)的沙门氏菌含量均低于检测限.沙门氏菌的杀灭速率常数排序为65℃+MAD>TAD>TPAD> MAD.结果显示高温对病原菌的灭活效果显著增加,高温短时预处理使得杀灭速率明显加快.TAD和TPAD的污泥VBNC沙门氏菌数量高于MAD和65℃+MAD 2个数量级,表明长时间的高温厌氧消化易导致沙门氏菌进入VBNC状态.消化污泥经过离心脱水后会出现沙门氏菌数量增加的现象,MAD、65℃+MAD、TAD和TPAD的消化污泥中沙门氏菌分别增加了1.1、2.4、3.7和2.5个数量级.但其中VBNC状态的沙门氏菌数量明显降低了1~3个数量级,表明消化后污泥中部分VBNC沙门氏菌在离心脱水过程中复活并生长,使得MPN检测得到的可培养沙门氏菌数量增加,初步解释了消化污泥经离心脱水后的病原菌再生长现象.消化污泥中沙门氏菌数量在室温放置过程中会进一步下降.     

Antibacterial and antimutagenic activitiy of extracts and essential oil from (Tunisian) Pistacia lentiscus

Aqueous and flavonoid-enriched extract as well as essential oil (EO) obtained from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus were assessed for antibacterial and antimutagenic activities. Antibacterial activity of different extracts and EO were evaluated against six bacterial strains. A marked inhibitory effect was observed against Salmonella typhimurium, whereas lower activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis. EO showed significant inhibitory effects against Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimutagenic activity of the different extracts against Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and sodium azide was demonstrated with the Salmonella typhymurium assay. The number of revertants per plate decreased significantly when the plant extracts were added to the assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98 and TA1535.     

Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome

The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the “unadapted” treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the “adapted” treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 10³ S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 10⁵ Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production.     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外灭活及光复活抑制的研究

研究了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外失活动力学、在日光灯下的光复活现象以及氯对其光复活的抑制。结果表明,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的紫外失活动力学曲线分为滞后区、一级动力学区、拖尾区三阶段,在PBS中的一级动力学失活速率常数为0.9041 cm2/mJ。而紫外灭活后的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在日光灯下存在光复活。当紫外剂量为10 mJ/cm2时,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌在日光灯下照射3 h内发生明显的光复活,浓度从8.6×103CFU/mL增加到4.1×106 CFU/mL;但是在紫外消毒后,投加1 mg/L的氯可以有效抑制该细菌的光复活,投加2 mg/L的氯可以在10 min内全部灭活。因此,紫外-氯联合消毒能够有效的抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌细菌光复活,使其得到高效灭活。     

Impact of desiccation and heat exposure stress on Salmonella tolerance to acidic conditions

In a recent study, the pH of commonly used Salmonella pre-enrichment media became acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.0) when feed or feed ingredients were incubated for 24 h. Acidic conditions have been reported to injure or kill Salmonella. In this study, cultures of four known feed isolates (S. montevideo, S. senftenberg, S. tennessee, and S. schwarzengrund) and four important processing plant isolates (S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. heidelberg) were grown on meat and bone meal and later subjected to desiccation and heat exposure to stress the microorganism. The impact of stress on the isolates ability to survive in acidic conditions ranging from pH 4.0 to 7.0 was compared to the non-stressed isolate. Cell injury was determined on xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and cell death determined on nutrient agar (NA). When measured by cell death in non-stressed Salmonella, S. typhimurium was the most acid tolerant and S. heidelberg was the most acid sensitive whereas in stressed Salmonella, S. senftenberg was the most acid tolerant and S. tennessee was the most acid sensitive. The pH required to cause cell injury varied among isolates. With some isolates, the pH required for 50% cell death and 50% cell injury was similar. In other isolates, cell injury occurred at a more neutral pH. These findings suggest that the pH of pre-enrichment media may influence the recovery and bias the serotype of Salmonella recovered from feed during pre-enrichment.     

The StepOne real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Salmonella sp., Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium and enteritidis in milk and meat

The aim of this study was to follow contamination of ready to eat milk and meat products with Salmonella spp. by using the StepOne real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Classical microbiological methods for detection of foodborne bacteria involve the use of pre-enrichment and/or specific enrichment, following isolation of bacteria in solid media and the final confirmation by biochemical and/or serological tests. We used the PrepSEQ Rapid Spin Sample Preparation Kit for isolation of DNA and MicroSEQ® Salmonella spp. Detection Kit for pursuance of the real-time PCR (Applied Biosystems). In samples without incubation we detected strain of Salmonella sp. in 5 out of 25 samples (swabs), as well as in the internal positive control (IPC), which was positive in all samples. This StepOne real-time PCR assay is extremely useful for any laboratory equipped by real-time PCR. It is a fast, reproducible, simple, specific and sensitive way to detect nucleic acids, which could be used in clinical diagnostic tests in the future. Our results indicated that real-time PCR assay developed in this study could sensitively detect Salmonella spp. in ready-to-eat food. This could prevent infection caused by Salmonella, and also could benefit food manufacturing companies by extending their product's shelf-life as well as saving the cost of warehousing their food products while awaiting pathogen testing results.