Synthesis of branched para-nonylphenol isomers: occurrence and quantification in two commercial mixtures

Eight tertiary nonanols were synthesized via Grignard reaction and coupled by Friedel–Crafts alkylation with phenol to the corresponding nonylphenols. Six branched para-nonylphenols (NP) were obtained: 4-(3′-methyl-3′-octyl)phenol (33NP), 4-(2′-methyl-2′-octyl)phenol (22NP), 4-(2′,5′-dimethyl-2′-heptyl)phenol (252NP), 4-(2′,5′,5′-trimethyl-2′-hexyl)phenol (2552NP), 4-(2′,4′-dimethyl-2′-heptyl)phenol (242NP) and 4-(4′-ethyl-2′-methyl-2′-hexyl)phenol (4E22NP). Their structures were confirmed by GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy. These six isomers as well as the earlier synthesized 4-(3′,5′-dimethyl-3′-heptyl)phenol (353NP), 4-(3′,6′-dimethyl-3′-heptyl)phenol (363NP) and 4-(2′,6′-dimethyl-2′-heptyl)phenol (262NP) were compared with commercial NP mixtures purchased from Acros and Fluka by GC–MS (equipped with a 100 m polysiloxane column). The analyses revealed that all obtained isomers are occurring in different quantities in both commercial NP mixtures.     

The effects of tertiary treated municipal wastewater on fish communities of a small river tributary in Southern Ontario, Canada

Fish community changes associated with a tertiary treated municipal wastewater effluent outfall in the Speed River, Ontario, Canada, were evaluated at nine sites over two seasons (2008) using standardized electrofishing. Habitat evaluations were conducted to ensure that the riffle sites selected were physically similar. The fish community was dominated by several species of darters that differed in their response to the effluent outfall. There was a significant decrease in Greenside Darter (Etheostoma blennioides) but an increase in Rainbow Darter (E. caeruleum) abundance directly downstream of the outfall. Stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), which indicate shifts in energy utilization and flow, increased in Rainbow Darter downstream, but showed no change in Greenside Darter. Rainbow Darter may be exploiting a food source that is not as available at upstream sites giving them a competitive advantage over the Greenside Darter immediately downstream of the outfall.     

江苏省第三产业循环经济综合评价研究

以第三产业循环经济发展综合研究作为立足点，构建了产业及社会发展、资源减量投入、资源再循环利用、污染减排、资源与环境安全五方面的评价指标体系，然后对收集的数据进行标准化处理、确定评价指标权重，最后进行综合评价；根据综合评价结果，1985—2003年间江苏省第三产业循环经济发展分为萌芽阶段（1985—1992年）、起步阶段（1993～1999年）、快速发展阶段（2000～2003年）三个阶段；由此得出江苏省第三产业循环经济在以较快的速度发展，但是由于资源利用效率较低，目前还处于循环经济发展的初级阶段；据此，论文根据江苏省循环经济发展现状提出政策建议，具体是：制定发展第三产业循环经济的相关政策、明确第三产业循环经济指导方针、总体定位和具体实施的途径、采取经济措施促进第三产业循环经济发展、激励循环利用技术的采用与推广、促进公共参与。     

A giant termite from the Late Miocene of Styria, Austria (Isoptera)

A giant termite is described and figured from the Late Miocene of the Styrian Basin in southeastern Austria. Gyatermes styriensis gen. n. et sp. n. is represented by a relatively complete forewing, with basal scale. The fossil approximates in size the largest of all termites today and is the largest fossil termite on record. The presence of this species in the Late Miocene fauna of Europe indicates that climatic conditions were appropriate for the persistence of species and colonies requiring relatively stable, warm conditions. The genus is primitive in overall features but shares some similarity with the dampwood termites.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

韶石山丹霞地貌地学成因史话

韶石山丹霞地貌的形成是经历了河湖盆地堆积—红岩抬升成台地—江流再冲刷剥蚀的全过程，是晚第三纪以来产物，已有2000余万年的演变历史。韶石山山水环境佳绝，新石器时代已有先民生息，历代多名人赞咏。     

造纸中段废水的混凝-臭氧氧化深度处理研究

就混凝-臭氧氧化组合工艺对造纸中段废水生物处理出水的净化效果进行了研究.结果表明,Ca(OH)2对废水色度、TOC、COD和254 nm的紫外吸收值(UV254)的去除效果均优于聚合氯化铝/聚丙烯酰胺(PAC/PAM);Ca(OH)2-O3组合工艺的处理效果也优于PAC/PAM-O3工艺.当Ca(OH)2投加量为1 g/L、臭氧投加量为50 mg/L时,废水色度降低至10倍以下,COD小于150 mg/L.经Ca(OH)2混凝处理后,相对分子量在0.5～1.0 ku和10.0 ku以上的有机物显著减少;进一步臭氧氧化处理后,除0.5 ～1.0 ku范围的有机物大幅度增加外,其余分子量有机物显著减少.由于对色度贡献很大的大分子量物质的去除,废水的色度显著下降直至无色.     

生物制药废水处理技术的试验研究

通过预曝调节、混凝气浮、过滤吸附三级处理法对生物制药废水进行试验 ,得到对排放量小、浓度高、间歇性排放制药废水的有效处理方法     

城市第三产业环境行为信息公开化研究初探

产业结构调整和城市化进程加速了中国第三产业的发展，但同时也给环境造成了影响和破坏。分析了中国第三产业环境污染特点，第三产业发展对环境管理的挑战。同时结合污染控制信息手段和环境信息公开的特点和优势，对开展第三产业环境行为信息公开化研究提出了建议。