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11.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Epiphytic Lichens Near a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (Central Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Loppi E. Putortì S. A. Pirintsos V. De Dominicis 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,61(3):361-371
The epiphytic lichen Parmelia caperata was usedas biomonitor in the area of a municipal solid wasteincinerator (Poggibonsi, central Italy) to investigatethe levels and the spatial distribution of the heavymetals Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn. Levels ofAl, Cu and Hg were similar to those in unpollutedareas, whereas high values were found for Cr, Zn andespecially Cd. The distribution pattern of the lastthree metals and the exponential relationship of theirconcentrations with distance from the incinerator,showed that the disposal plant is a local source ofatmospheric pollution due to Cd, Cr and Zn. For thesemetals, long-term hazard should be seriously taken into account. 相似文献
12.
Heinz Rüdel Winfried Schröder Karl Theo von der Trenck Gerhard Andreas Wiesmüller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):486-498
Background Due to the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and other legal regulations (e.g., national laws like the German
Federal Soil Protection Act), but also due to the implementation of the new EU chemicals management system REACH, environmental
monitoring will gain increasing importance for the surveillance of environmental quality as well as for the assessment of
chemicals. Against this background, the Work Group on ‘Environmental Monitoring’ of the Division of ‘Environmental Chemistry
and Ecotoxicology’ within the German Chemical Society has compiled a position paper on substance-related environmental monitoring.
Scope Core elements of this position paper are the definitions of important terms like monitoring, exposure monitoring, effect monitoring,
and integrated monitoring. Moreover, temporal and spatial aspects (monitoring of spatial distributions, trend monitoring,
and retrospective monitoring) and their applications are discussed. The main focus of this position paper is the coverage
of aspects which have to be observed for the preparation and implementation of a monitoring program. Essential is the clear
specification of the targets of the monitoring which determine the development of the monitoring concept and its realization,
e.g., if environmental media (compartments) or organisms are most appropriate as samples for the aim of the study. Of course,
also the properties of the target substances are important (e.g., lipophilicity/bioaccumulation as pre-requisite for an exposure
monitoring with organisms). Finally, the monitoring phases of sample planning, sampling, storage and transport of samples,
selection of analytical methods, quality assurance measures as well as reporting are discussed.
Perspectives An important issue for the future is to link the quantification of chemicals in environmental compartments (exposure and pollution
monitoring) more closely to the study of biological effects (effect monitoring) than has been the case up to now. Furthermore,
by inclusion of a spatial differentiation, a comprehensive evaluation of the state of an ecosystem can be obtained and the
relevance of the results improved. Practical examples of monitoring studies which illustrate various aspects covered in this
position paper will be presented in a series of publications by members of the Work Group in the following issues of this
journal.
相似文献
Gerhard Andreas WiesmüllerEmail: |
13.
The aim of this study was to determine for the first time in Poland, levels of exposure to synthetic pyrethroids in preschool and school age children and their parents living in urban and rural areas. For this purpose concentrations of pyrethroid metabolites: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (Br2CA), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Cl2CA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (trans-Cl2CA) were determined in 374 urine samples using a validated GC–MS method. 相似文献
14.
This work represents an attempt to define a simple method to classify the relative degree of disturbance of sites in lotic
systems on the basis of comparison of their faunistic composition with reference sites. Two ecotypes were selected in northern
Portugal where benthic invertebrates were sampled in reaches with different levels of contamination. As a first stage, previous
Geographic Information System information was used to define reference sites in each ecotype. Afterwards, multivariate techniques
and non linear estimation models were combined to assess biological quality. This method allowed us to quantify sites according
to increasing levels of contamination, after the probabilities of occurrence of taxa along a gradient of contamination taking
into account the reference condition. The results suggest that this method is sensitive to organic pollution, easy to interpret,
namely the species tolerance, and could be a good framework to establish regional rankings depending on the ecological impact
of river sites. 相似文献
15.
Eva Egelyng Sigsgaard Felipe Torquato Tobias Guldberg Frøslev Alec B. M. Moore Johan Mølgård Sørensen Pedro Range Radhouane Ben-Hamadou Steffen Sanvig Bach Peter Rask Møller Philip Francis Thomsen 《Conservation biology》2020,34(3):697-710
Conservation and management of marine biodiversity depends on biomonitoring of marine habitats, but current approaches are resource-intensive and require different approaches for different organisms. Environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from water samples is an efficient and versatile approach to detecting aquatic animals. In the ocean, eDNA composition reflects local fauna at fine spatial scales, but little is known about the effectiveness of eDNA-based monitoring of marine communities at larger scales. We investigated the potential of eDNA to characterize and distinguish marine communities at large spatial scales by comparing vertebrate species composition among marine habitats in Qatar, the Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), based on eDNA metabarcoding of seawater samples. We conducted species accumulation analyses to estimate how much of the vertebrate diversity we detected. We obtained eDNA sequences from a diverse assemblage of marine vertebrates, spanning 191 taxa in 73 families. These included rare and endangered species and covered 36% of the bony fish genera previously recorded in the Gulf. Sites of similar habitat type were also similar in eDNA composition. The species accumulation analyses showed that the number of sample replicates was insufficient for some sampling sites but suggested that a few hundred eDNA samples could potentially capture >90% of the marine vertebrate diversity in the study area. Our results confirm that seawater samples contain habitat-characteristic molecular signatures and that eDNA monitoring can efficiently cover vertebrate diversity at scales relevant to national and regional conservation and management. 相似文献
16.
K. Srogi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2007,5(4):169-195
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They
have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air
are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition
when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded
by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of
organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle,
waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention
in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs
(Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene
has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted
PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope
of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages
and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it
well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced
biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis
in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food,
as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its
limitations. 相似文献
17.
惠州绿化乔木叶片及其叶面降尘对大气SO2污染的生物监测 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用常规采样及碱片挂片法同步监测广东省惠州市大气SO2体积分数,用ICP-AES测定了惠州市不同功能区的2种主要绿化树种大叶榕(Ficus virens Ait var.sublanceolata(Miq.) Corner)、紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)叶片及其叶面降尘的硫质量分数。结果表明,不同功能区植物叶片和降尘的硫质量分数差异显著,其综合污染指数(PI)以商业交通区、工业区、居住区、清洁区的趋势递减。叶片中硫的质量分数随春、夏、秋季而增长,季节差异显著。植物叶片、降尘中硫质量分数随交通流量的减少而降低。叶片和叶面降尘中硫的质量分数与大气硫酸盐化速率三者显著相关,大叶榕和紫荆与降尘协同生物监测大气SO2的二元数学模型的相关系数分别为R=0.995和R=0.990,明显优于植物与硫酸盐化速率监测SO2的常规一元数学模型。表明大叶榕、紫荆叶片及其叶面降尘均可作为城市区域大气SO2污染的有效指示剂,叶片的长期效益和季节效益显著,降尘则短期效益显著;两者协同监测,可靠性和灵敏度更高,应用前景广阔,可为地方和区域环境监测和评价提供参考。 相似文献
18.
Thomas Meinelt Ralf Krüger Michael Pietrock Reiner Osten Christian Steinberg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(1):32-36
From June 1993 to October 1994, studies have been carried out on the effects of mercury in the Oder River and pike tissue
contamination (muscle, kidney, liver). The mean mercury contents in the sediment range from 0.03 to 1.1 mg/kg dry weight.
In the pike muscle, between 0.22 and 0.85 mg/kg, on a wet weight basis, were found. The measured mercury concentrations were
analysed in relation to the number of macrophage centres of the liver, spleen and kidney of the pike. Positive correlations
between mercury and MC response (0.54 ≤ r ≤ 0.79, p < 0.05) were found in all of these organs. The suitability of the macrophage-centre-response
as a possible bioindicator for mercury pollution is discussed in the literature. In our study, the response of MCs was found
to be suitable as a biomarker for the impairment of fish health. 相似文献
19.
Ballach HJ Wittig R Wulff S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(2):136-142
The present study is an example of the historical monitoring of heavy metals. The specific question it aims to explore is: to what extent has the lead content of selected organisms used for biomonitoring in Frankfurt/Main—one of the cities in Germany most heavily affected by automobile traffic—changed as a result of legislation on leaded gasoline?
Data on the lead content of the moss speciesBryum argenteum Hedw. from the years 1974, 1975 and 1978 and data on the lead content of the outer bark of the ash speciesFraxinus excelsior L. from 1973 served as the basis for the repeated measurements. Remeasurement was successful in 76.5% (i.e. 124 trees at 26 growth sites). The study produced the following results:
相似文献
- ? As was expected, the lead content of the short-term accumulatorBryum argenteum Hedw. was distinctly lowered with a decreasing particulate lead concentration. However, the reduction factor varied greatly between the different growth sites.
- ? On the other hand, the lead content measured in the outer bark layers ofFraxinus excelsior L. has risen markedly during the past two decades. Whereas in 1973 nearly all trees examined displayed very low concentrations of lead (< 38 ppm), only 9.5% were still in this category in 1997 and nearly 30% exhibited high or even unacceptable lead concentrations (< 150 ppm → > 225 ppm). Various factors have to be taken into account to explain this increase. First of all, bark is a long-term accumulator for heavy metals like lead and its enrichment capacity could have increased as the surface becomes rougher over time. Furthermore, lead is most probably leached out of the bark to a lesser degree now than in the 1970s, owing to the reduced concentration of sulphuric acid in the rain. The dramatic growth of automobile traffic in the Frankfurt/Main area during the period covered by the study undoubtedly plays an important role as well.
20.
Klumpp A Ansel W Klumpp G Belluzzo N Calatayud V Chaplin N Garrec JP Gutsche HJ Hayes M Hentze HW Kambezidis H Laurent O Peñuelas J Rasmussen S Ribas A Ro-Poulsen H Rossi S Sanz MJ Shang H Sifakis N Vergne P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(3):199-203
EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites. 相似文献