石油污染土壤的生物修复技术及微生物生态效应

利用投菌法和生物刺激法对陕北子长石油污染土壤进行微生物修复研究.通过利用红外分光光度法测定不同处理方法对石油烃的去除效果确定了修复陕北石油污染土壤的最佳方案.修复过程中利用最大可能计数法(MPN)、PCR-琼脂糖电泳法、PCR-DGGE法分别测定了石油烃降解菌数目、催化基因、土壤微生物多样性对土壤微生物生态效应进行研究.结果发现石油污染土壤不同生物处理修复效果为:生物刺激(加入N、P营养物质)生物强化(投加降解菌)其他.土壤中石油烃降解率与可降解石油烃的催化基因含量之间存在正相关关系,修复过程中土壤中的石油烃和烷烃降解菌数量显著多于多环芳烃降解菌数量,投加外源降解菌SZ-1可以显著提高土壤细菌群落的多样性.研究结果有助于深入理解生物修复石油土壤过程中的微生物生态效应变化.     

复合微生物菌剂在近海污水中的修复作用研究

采用直接投加复合微生物菌剂原位修复深圳湾污染水体,去除水体中的有机物、氮和磷等污染物,15天检测分析微生物处理对水体溶解氧（DO）、氨态氮（NH4-N）、悬浮物（SS）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）变化的影响。结果表明：采用微生物技术修复深圳湾近海污染水环境具有显著效果,试验期间水体中DO明显提高,最佳复配硝化茵（B2）与枯草芽孢杆菌（B6）对NH4-N降低了53．9％,悬浮物（ss）降低了56．9％,总氮（TN）降低52．1％,总磷（TP）降低57．6％。有害弧菌单一菌落数降低了64．9％     

宏基因组技术在土壤污染微生物修复中的应用

微生物修复在土壤污染治理中具有重要地位。虽然环境中可以培养的微生物比例很低,但微生物的基因资源十分丰富,运用宏基因组技术可以克服传统修复技术中微生物资源利用不充分的问题,为未培养微生物的研究提供了有力手段。本文对宏基因组技术一般流程作了介绍,并结合土壤污染的特点,对该技术应用在土壤污染微生物修复的现状、研究及展望作了阐述。     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines.To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches,nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1,5 and 10 mg/L.Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range.Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level,the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria(PDB)and heterotrophic bacteria (HB),and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate.Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L(NO_3-N)group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB;while in 1 mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%,and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients.Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable,lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency (70.5%) compared to 5 mg/L group.Furthermore,it would need more NO_3-N(0.371 mg)to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group(0.197 mg).In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to 1 and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.     

电动生物修复湖泊底泥中直链烷基苯磺酸钠

直链烷基苯磺酸钠(Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates,LAS)是环境中最常见的具有代表性的一类有机污染物,城市湖泊长期以来接纳了大量的污染物,致使底泥沉积了大最的LAS.采用电动生物复合技术修复东湖底泥中LAS,由于其LAS含量过高,当直接添加芽孢杆菌降解LAS时,发现无明显的降解效果.经过驯...     

土壤重金属污染的生物修复技术

随着城市化和工业化的加速,土壤的重金属污染问题日趋严重。生物修复技术作为一种环境友好型治理措施越来越受到关注,其主体主要包括植物修复、动物修复以及微生物修复。文章首先综述了生物修复土壤重金属污染的机理及其研究进展,其中植物修复包括降解、提取、挥发、根系钝化以及固定等,而微生物修复机理主要包括生物富集、生物吸着以及生物转化;其次分析了生物修复技术的局限性,如超富集植物积累重金属的单一性,植物的生长速度慢、积累效率低、适应性弱,微生物的种间拮抗作用等;最后对其发展前景提出展望,认为通过加强国际交流,重视多学科的交叉应用,以及合理配置人才与资源等措施,有利于突破技术瓶颈,发展出更具应用价值的复合修复技术。     

翅碱蓬-沙蚕对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响研究

以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera Kitag.)和优势多毛类动物双齿围沙蚕(Nereis succinea)为实验对象,以向沉积质中添加Cu2+来模拟重金属污染,通过盆栽实验,分别测定翅碱蓬、沙蚕及两者混合培养对Cu污染沉积质的pH、氧化-还原电位(Eh)、总氮含量、总磷含量及脱氢酶活性的影响,研究它们对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的改善作用。结果表明,翅碱蓬、沙蚕对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响与Cu处理浓度有关。翅碱蓬-沙蚕体系对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响与两者单独作用时均不同,且对不同Cu处理浓度沉积质的影响效果也不尽相同;总体来看,对于Cu污染沉积质,翅碱蓬-沙蚕体系可促使pH升高,Eh下降,总氮含量升高,脱氢酶活性升高,而对总磷含量的影响不明显。     

三株优势菌对多环芳烃的降解性能研究

多环芳烃具有毒性、生物蓄积性和半挥发性，并能在环境中持久存在。生物修复处理具有费用低、效果好、污染物残留量低、不产生二次污染、能够保持或改善植物生长的土壤结构等优点。实验分别在对单一菌株、两两混合菌株及三株菌混合等三种情形下，对蒽、菲、芘的降解作用进行了研究。研究结果表明：单一菌株对蒽、菲、芘有一定的降解能力，菌株混合时，对蒽、菲的降解率有所提高；三株菌种混合时，黄杆菌对放线菌、红球菌的生长过程有抑制作用；蒽、菲、芘的降解过程会不断交替进行着产酸和脱羧过程，使降解液pH值出现波动；同时在降解过程中，菌体能产生表面活性物质，这有利于蒽、菲、芘的生物降解转化。     

Biodegradation of carbofuran in soils within Nzoia River Basin,Kenya

Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) has been used within the Nzoia River Basin (NRB), especially in Bunyala Rice Irrigation Schemes, in Kenya for the control of pests. In this study, the capacity of native bacteria to degrade carbofuran in soils from NRB was investigated. A gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria capable of degrading carbofuran was isolated through liquid cultures with carbofuran as the only carbon and nitrogen source. The isolate degraded 98% of 100-μg mL^?1 carbofuran within 10 days with the formation of carbofuran phenol as the only detectable metabolite. The degradation of carbofuran was followed by measuring its residues in liquid cultures using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Physical and morphological characteristics as well as molecular characterization confirmed the bacterial isolate to be a member of Bacillus species. The results indicate that this strain of Bacillus sp. could be considered as Bacillus cereus or Bacillus thuringiensis with a bootstrap value of 100% similar to the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The biodegradation capability of the native strains in this study indicates that they have great potential for application in bioremediation of carbofuran-contaminated soil sites.