Atmospheric emission characterization of a novel sludge drying and co-combustion system

A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a thermal drying exhaust gas control system, a 75 tons/hr circulating fluidized bed and a flue gas cleaning system. The emissions of NH3, SO2, CH4 and some other pollutants released from thermal drying, and pollutants such as NOx, SO2 etc. discharged by the incinerator, were all tested. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs） in the flue gas from the incinerator were investigated as well. The results indicated that the concentrations of NOx and SO2 in the flue gas from the incinerator were 145 and 16 mg/m^3, respectively, and the I-TEQ concentration of 2,3,7,8-substitued PCDD/Fs was 0.023 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. All these values were greatly lower than the emission standards of China. In addition, there was no obvious odor in the air around the sludge dryer. The results demonstrated that this drying and co-combustion system is efficient in controlling pollutants and is a feasible way for large-scale treatment of industrial sludge and sewage sludge.     

不同来源污泥混燃特性及其综合燃烧性能评价

采集了广州两种生活污水污泥、两种工业污泥(印染污泥和造纸污泥),利用热重法对这4种不同来源的单一干污泥及混合污泥在不同条件下进行实验研究,同时计算了试样的4个燃烧特性指数,获得了污泥燃烧的动力学参数.实验结果表明,各污泥燃烧阶段主要分为水分析出、挥发分析出、固定碳的燃烧和无机盐类挥发分解4个阶段,其中挥发分的析出和燃烧制约着污泥燃烧整个过程.市政污泥S1与其他类污泥混烧过程中,各污泥有较明显的交互作用,其中市政污泥S1与其他3种污泥按照1∶1质量比混合后,其挥发特性指数D提高较明显,而综合燃烧特性指数S改变不明显.两种市政污泥8∶2质量比混合后,其混合样燃烧性能明显提高,其中综合燃烧指数提高接近2倍.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现各试样燃烧反应级数不尽相同,其中市政污泥S1与其他污泥混合后活化能E普遍降低,与样品S2混燃的活化能降低最多,对燃烧最有利.     

Bromine in waste incineration partitioning and influence on metal volatilisation

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: The halogen bromine is far less abundant than chlorine, but it can be found at high concentrations in special materials like flame retarded plastics. The fate and effects of Br in waste incineration are not well understood. It may have similar implications like Cl for the volatilisation of heavy metals and the formation of low volatile organic compounds. Due to its lower oxidation potential, there is a risk of formation of elementary Br2 in the offgas. OBJECTIVE: Co-combustion tests of different types of Br containing plastic waste materials (up to 22%) and MSW in the TAMARA pilot plant for waste incineration were conducted to investigate the Br partitioning and the influence of Br on metal volatilisation. METHODS: The Br inventory of the fuel mix was elevated to approx. 1 wt-%. All input and output mass flows of the furnace have been sampled and the partitioning of Cl, Br, S, and a number of heavy metals, has been calculated on the basis of closed mass balances. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Organically-bound Br was typically released to more than 90% into the raw gas. Elementary Br2 was detected at high Br levels. Its presence was always analysed when all SO2 in the raw gas was oxidised to SO3. Br enhances the volatilisation of metals like K, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb out of the fuel bed principally in the same way as Cl. The tests gave strong indication that the promoting influence of the halogens on metal volatilisation is more pronounced than that of the fuel bed temperature. The volatilised metals are condensated on the fly ashes and are discharged along with the filter ashes. CONCLUSIONS: As long as a surplus of SO2 is present in the raw gas no Br2 is formed. Although the halogen induced transfer out of the fuel bed causes high concentrations of volatile metals in the filter ashes, a recovery is not economically feasible for the time being. The volatilisation gives no rise to metal emission problems as long as efficient dedusting is achieved. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: If there is a risk of Br2 formation, in wet scrubbing a reducing agent has to be added to the neutral scrubber for efficient abatement. Filter ashes should be disposed of in a way that enables access for recovery in the future. The exact volatilisation characteristics of the various metals have to be studied in future using specifically tailored experiments.     

煤与垃圾在流化床中的混烧利用技术分析

从技术、经济和环保等方面 ,对于煤与垃圾在流化床中的混烧利用技术进行了比较详细的分析。结果表明对于我国目前的垃圾 ,混烧比率宜小于 90 % ;垃圾收费和售电价格对于焚烧厂的经济状况影响很大 ,若从鼓励多焚烧垃圾而不是多发电的角度出发 ,应尽量增加垃圾收费补贴来使焚烧厂正常运行 ;与纯烧煤相比 ,混烧时除SOx 外 ,其余污染物排放均有所增加 ,但混烧有利于提高燃烧温度 ,破坏二英类物质的生成。该结果对于混烧处理厂的规划以及相关政策的制定有一定参考价值     

污泥与煤在循环流化床混烧过程中的汞排放特性

在密相床截面积为0.23m×0.23m、高度为7 00m的循环流化床燃烧试验装置上进行了含汞污泥与煤的混烧试验.测试并分析讨论了污泥与煤混烧过程中汞的分布,探讨了Ca/S摩尔比、脱硫剂种类、过量空气系数等运行参数以及烟气成分对汞在烟气、飞灰和炉渣中形态分布的影响规律.结果表明,大部分汞进入烟气,且元素汞是混烧烟气中的主要存在形态.钙基脱硫剂对烟气中氧化态汞有较强的吸附脱除作用,CaO对汞的脱除效果要好于CaCO3.随着烟气中SO2、NOx浓度的增大,烟气中二价汞所占份额呈上升趋势.过量空气系数对烟气和灰渣中汞的浓度和形态分布有较大的影响.     

污泥与煤混烧NO排放特性研究

利用管式电炉和烟气分析仪进行了沈阳市某市政污泥和铁法烟煤的混烧实验,对比研究了污泥、煤粉、泥煤掺混样品燃烧NO的析出特性,以及粒度、污泥掺混比例对二者混烧NO析出的影响.结果表明,煤粉单独燃烧过程中NO的析出峰为单峰,污泥样品NO析出峰为双峰.燃料粒度的细化可使污泥和煤的NO析出量减少,却增大了掺混样品NO的析出量.因此,对于干污泥与煤掺烧而言,污泥掺混比例建议在10％～20％之间,这样既能保证较好的燃烧特性,又可避免过高的氮转化率.     

Evaluation of PCDD/Fs and metals emission from a circulating fluidized bed incinerator co-combusting sewage sludge with coal

The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals were evaluated during co-combustion of sewage sludge with coal from a circulating fluidized bed incinerator. The stack gas, slag and fly ash samples were sampled and analyzed. The gas-cleaning system consisted of electrostatic precipitators and a semi-dry scrubber. Results showed that the stack gas and fly ash exhibited mean dioxin levels of 9.4 pg I-TEQ/Nm 3 and 11.65 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively, and showed great similarities in congener profiles. By contrast, the slag presented a mean dioxin level of 0.15 pg I-TEQ/g and a remarkable difference in congener profiles compared with those of the stack gas and fly ash. Co-combusting sewage sludge with coal was able to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions significantly in comparison with sewage sludge mono-combustion. The leaching levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, and As in the fly ash and slag were much lower than the limits of the environmental protection standard in China. These suggest that the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal is an advisable treatment method from an environmental perspective.