Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003 Abstract: Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km² over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.     

生物转盘数学模型研究进展

生物转盘是一种生物膜法废水处理技术。目前对生物转盘的研究主要有反应器的设计、操作参数、盘片特质、处理废水类型和基于该反应器的数学模型等。其中数学模型的研究对反应器的设计和运行管理具有重要的指导意义。总结和分析了生物转盘流体力学、传质、动力学的数学模型,提出了今后生物转盘数学模型的研究重点。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of flow instabilities in rectangular shallow basins

Free surface flows in several shallow rectangular basins have been analyzed experimentally, numerically and theoretically. Different geometries, characterized by different widths and lengths, are considered as well as different hydraulic conditions. First, the results of a series of experimental tests are briefly depicted. They reveal that, under clearly identified hydraulic and geometrical conditions, the flow pattern is found to become non-symmetric, in spite of the symmetrical inflow conditions, outflow conditions and geometry of the basin. This non-symmetric motion results from the growth of small disturbances actually present in the experimental initial and boundary conditions. Second, numerical simulations are conducted based on a depth-averaged approach and a finite volume scheme. The simulation results reproduce the global pattern of the flow observed experimentally and succeed in predicting the stability or instability of a symmetric flow pattern for all tested configurations. Finally, an analytical study provides mathematical insights into the conditions under which the symmetric flow pattern becomes unstable and clarifies the governing physical processes.     

Steady Shallow-Water Current and Solute Transport around a Semi-Conical Headland

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of a sloping wall headland on the flow characteristics and the associated concentration distributions from a point source around the headland. A semi-conical headland with a slope of 1:2 was set up in a flow basin, 4.8 m long and 3.8 m wide. In this paper, the experimental results of a steady shallow-water current are reported. Three dimensional flow velocities in the basin were measured using Sontek-ADV instrument. The dye concentration levels in the basin were measured by two fluorometers. The experimental results showed a large-scale re-circulation region behind the semi-conical headland. The peak turbulence energy, at about 53% of the local kinetic flow energy, coincides with the region of high velocity gradient. Significant vertical flows were observed around the area near the downhill slope of the headland, with a maximum ratio of vertical to horizontal velocities being about 22%. Such relatively significant vertical scouring velocities, coupled with strong turbulence energy and high horizontal velocity gradients in the same region, could cause severe bed erosion. The experimental results have also been compared with the predicted results of a depth-averaged numerical model. The predicted eddy structure and the concentration distribution in the re-circulation area were found to compare favourably with the experimental results. However, the discrepancies in the flow velocities and the concentration levels near the headland were apparent. It was observed that the dye concentration continued to spread in the cross-stream direction after passing the headland, whereas only a limited extent of the lateral spreading was predicted by the numerical model further downstream of the headland.     

梯形渠道岸边排污浓度分布的理论分析

从无限区域圆形瞬时源扩散的浓度分布公式人手,推导出梯形区域内瞬时线源扩散的近似浓度计算公式,进而得到了梯形渠道岸边排污的浓度分布公式计算公式表明,边坡倾角对污染物的浓度分布影响较大,浓度值随边坡倾角的增加而减小,近似遵循双曲线的递减规律.浓度分布解析解得到了扩散方程数值解的良好验证,两者在污染源附近有所差异,但随着距污染源距离的增加,计算结果愈加吻合,该解析公式可为天然河流岸边污染混合区的污染物浓度估算提供有力的工具.     

水动力与表面活性剂协同作用对双酚A在沉积物上吸附的影响

选择太湖梅梁湾的表层沉积物作为实验对象,研究了水动力与表面活性剂协同作用下,双酚A吸附行为的变化特征.结果表明,当CTMAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)浓度在1.0倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)以下时,切应力的改变对双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量基本无影响;其吸附量随CTMAB浓度的增大而增大,0.1倍CMC、0.5倍CMC和1.0倍CMC的CTMAB条件下,双酚A的吸附量较0 CMC分别增大了0.18倍、0.54倍和0.62倍;相对于Freundich模型,其吸附等温线更符合线性模型.当CTMAB浓度高于CMC时,双酚A在沉积物上的吸附量和吸附平衡时间均随切应力的增加而减小,在切应力和低浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以切应力促进吸附平衡作用为主;而当切应力和高浓度CTMAB共同作用时,以CTMAB的作用为主.水动力和CTMAB共同作用下的双酚A的吸附过程满足准二级吸附动力学方程.     

Stratification and Circulation in a Shallow Turbid Waterbody

Shallow waterbodies are often assumed to be well mixed in the vertical. However, when they are characterised by high turbidity levels, absoption of solar heating within a relatively thin surface layer can produce thermal stratification. Results from an intensive monitoring program have been combined with three-dimensional circulation modelling to examine the diurnal stratification cycles in a small turbid waterbody. The waterbody, known as Rushy Billabong, is located in southeastern Australia and its high turbidity coupled with forcing by wind and solar radiation resulted in regular diurnal cycles of stratification and overturning. Under conditions of light wind and high solar radiation, the model results were generally consistent with the observed temperature field. However, under stronger winds, preferential cooling and sinking of shallow water around the edge of the lake began to contribute significantly to the interior stratification. Model estimates then became more sensitive to the detailed bathymetry and the choice of turbulence parameterisation. The level of stratification is also shown to influence the circulation in the billabong by trapping the wind-driven flow near the surface. Insights provided by the observations and modelling may have broader implications for the management of small turbid systems such as settling ponds, aquaculture ponds, and some natural wetlands.     

海南南渡江下游二维水动力及水生态数值模拟

为了模拟河流水生态系统演变,探讨热带河流浮游植物和浮游动物生物量在流量影响下的沿程变化规律,在求解河流二维浅水方程的基础上,考虑浮游动物、浮游植物、悬浮碎屑、无机氮、无机磷等输运和演变子模型以及各子模型间的耦合作用机制,构建水生态动力数学模型,并将该模型应用于我国热带河流—海南南渡江下游龙塘坝至入海口段（长约28 km）.数学模型采用ADI-QUICK格式差分方法对水动力学方程和对流扩散方程进行离散求解,进而驱动各类生物变量输运和演化.通过对河流水面线高程、营养盐含量、浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值加以对比进行验证.实证结果表明,在生态参数合理率定前提下,忽略河流流量的时间变化,采用丰水期、平水期和枯水期工况下的代表流量加以概化,数值模拟仍能获得局部河段浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值整体相符合的结果.浮游植物和浮游动物生物量均沿水流方向逐渐降低,但随流量的增大整体上呈降低趋势,丰水期上游浮游生物生物量为下游的1.6倍,枯水期达到9.3倍.受海水入侵、沿程污染排放等因素的影响,枯水期浮游生物生物量模拟值与实测值的偏差远大于丰水期.枯水期河道浮游植物和浮游动物生物量模拟值的最大值分别为77.71和38.56 mmol/m3（均以C计）,约为丰水期的3.8倍,说明枯水期水质富营养化风险远高于丰水期.      

尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量计算方法研究

为降低人造高势能饱和体-尾矿库在金属非金属矿山安全生产中的危险,提高尾矿库工程溃决的预报预测水平,以溃坝洪水与泥浆的动力学过程作为研究重点,以溃坝洪水运动为主线,综合运用水文学、水动力学等运动理论和有限差分数值计算方法,建立描述尾矿库溃决泥浆运动的数值模型,研究得到尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量评估方法。最后进行实际工程预测,计算表明该模型和计算方法可为尾矿库溃坝风险等级的划分提供依据。     

基于水动力学的中小水库藻类生长模型及蓝藻暴发的模拟

应用PHREEQC软件建立了基于水动力学作用的温岭市太湖水库藻类生长模型。选用2007年度温岭市太湖水库总磷、总氮、水温、叶绿素a的实测值,采用三次样条插值的方法估计出每一天的总磷、总氮、水温、叶绿素a的数值,对模型参数进行了率定和验证。将建立的模型应用于2009年温岭市桐岭水库水华暴发的模拟预测中,结果表明本文所建立的模型进行模拟运算精度较高,可以应用于中小型水库水华暴发的模拟预测方面。