Bioavailability of bound residue derived from 14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and its mechanism of phytotoxicity

The bioavailability of bound residue(BR) derived from ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron in soil and effect of the main components of the BR on growth of rape( brassica napus) and rice( Oryza sativa L. ) were investigated. The results showed that the BR with the concentration of 0.28 and 0.56 nmol/g air-dried soil, which was calculated by special radioactivity of ^14C-labeled chlorsulfuron parent compound, resulted in significant depression effect on growth of rape seedling. It was assured that the main components(2-amino-4-methoxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-amino-4-hydroxyl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 2-chloro-benzenesul-fonamide) of the BR did not inhibit the growth of rape and rice. LC-MS analysis demonstrated that the parent compound previously bound to the soil matrix could be again released and transformed into methanol-extractable residue during the course of rape growth. It was concluded that the molecular leading to the phytotoxicity to rape and rice in the BR is still the parent compound.     

石墨烯对高等植物幼苗的毒性及机理探究

随着石墨烯产品的广泛应用和潜在的环境释放,其对生态环境的影响已引起广泛关注。为探讨石墨烯对高等植物生长的影响,探究了其对黄瓜幼苗和玉米幼苗生长的影响及其致毒机理。结果表明,水培条件下,不同浓度的石墨烯(10、50、100、500、1 000和2 000 mg·L~(-1))处理植物幼苗15 d后,对植物幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。且随着处理时间和石墨烯浓度的增加,植物幼苗生长的所有指标,包括根/地上部鲜重和干重、根长、根尖数、株高和叶面积均相应降低。另外,黄瓜幼苗比玉米幼苗对石墨烯更加的敏感。进一步研究发现,石墨烯与黄瓜幼苗根部直接接触导致的物理损伤、氧化损伤,以及营养耗竭是其致毒机理。而石墨烯对玉米幼苗的致毒机理包括物理损伤和营养耗竭。本研究为石墨烯的环境风险评价提供了基础数据。     

Assessment of Genotoxicity of Lignin Substances as Risk Factors for Aquatic Ecosystems

The genotoxicity of lignin substances (LSs) isolated from biologically purified wastewaters of the pulp and paper industry was studied in experiments on Baikal endemic mollusks and corn. Both toxicity and mutagenic activity of LSs were revealed, with their levels depending on the physicochemical characteristics of LSs, the test organism, and experimental conditions. These results provide evidence that LSs discharged into water bodies create a genetic hazard to their ecosystems.     

有机酸对根际土壤中铅形态及其生物毒性的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续浸提方法研究外源柠檬酸、EDTA对根际土壤中Pb形态转化及其生物毒性的影响。结果表明，有机酸能明显活化根际土壤中的Pb，高浓度(3mmol／L)比低浓度(0．5mmol／L)的柠檬酸对Pb的活化能力强；EDTA在低浓度(0．5mmol／L)时对Pb的活化能力就很强。柠檬酸、EDTA能增强土壤Pb的毒性，提高小麦根部对Pb的吸收，并促进Pb由根部向地上部转移。     

土壤中的铝及其植物效应的研究进展

概述了铝的性质，土壤中铝的存在形式、铝的流失、铝毒与酸雨的关系，植物对铝的吸收，铝在植物体内的分布以及植物对铝毒胁迫的反应，为进一步开展铝及其植物效应的研究提供了信息。     

刺芹侧耳对孔雀石绿的脱色降解及其产物分析

以白腐真菌刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii-Co007)为染料脱色菌株,研究三苯甲烷染料孔雀石绿的浓度、脱色p H、脱色温度及脱色时间对染料脱色的影响,并对降解产物进行紫外-可见吸收光谱分析、红外光谱分析、GC-MS分析和植物毒性实验,以揭示孔雀石绿可能的降解路径及其产物毒性.结果表明:在p H 6、30℃条件下,P.eryngii-Co007脱色降解200 mg·L-1孔雀石绿,9 h脱色率可达98.22%;孔雀石绿的降解产物主要包括4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮、4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;推测孔雀石绿可能的降解路径为孔雀石绿中心碳的羟基化反应,随后中心碳迅速发生碳-碳键断裂,产生4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮,4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮经过两个连续的N-去甲基化过程,分别产生4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;植物毒性实验表明,P.eryngii-Co007对孔雀石绿有较好的脱毒作用.综上,P.eryngii-Co007能高效脱色降解高浓度的孔雀石绿,同时可显著降低染料对植物的毒害作用.     

Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism

To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55%(0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to –NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the –NH further combined with –OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与耐砷毒的关系

为了在研究砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与蜈蚣草耐砷毒的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,蜈蚣草吸收的磷主要分布在胞质组分中(平均占各部位总磷含量的44%以上),吸收的钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中(平均占各部位总钙含量的48%以上).与低钙(0.03和2.5 mmol·L-1)处理相比,高钙(5.0 mmol·L-1)处理时,根部的胞质组分和叶柄的细胞器组分中磷含量较高.各器官的亚细胞组分中钙含量随着介质中添加钙浓度的提高而增加.介质钙浓度过高会抑制蜈蚣草的生长.在加砷处理下,根部和叶柄细胞壁组分的磷含量有所减少,但地上部细胞器组分的磷含量及其含磷总量占植株含磷总量的相对比例、根部细胞壁组分的钙含量增加.蜈蚣草自主调节磷和钙的亚细胞水平分布可能是其耐砷毒的机制之一.     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

聚乙烯和聚乳酸微塑料对大豆生长和生理生化及代谢的影响

为揭示生物可降解性不同的微塑料对农作物的毒性效应,选择聚乳酸(polylactic acid可生物降解)和聚乙烯(polyethylene难生物降解)微塑料(microplastics)为供试材料,以大豆为供试植物,深入探究了不同暴露水平(0.1%,1%,W/W)下两种不同的微塑料对大豆(Glycine max)生长、光合作用、抗氧化性、营养品质以及代谢方面的影响.结果表明,聚乙烯微塑料(PEMPs)对大豆根部鲜重有促进作用,而0.1%聚乳酸微塑料(PLAMPs)则抑制根部长度.大豆的叶绿素含量在0.1% PEMPs作用下能够显著提高.PLAMPs则能够导致大豆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降,而过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量在0.1% PEMPs和1% PLAMPs下显著升高.此外,微塑料的暴露能够改变大豆根部中锰、铁以及铜的含量,其中0.1% PEMPs的效应最为显著.大豆叶片中的氨基酸代谢在PEMPs的作用下上调,而0.1% PLAMPs则引起有机酸以及糖类代谢下调.综上,微塑料的植物毒性效应与其生物可降解性及浓度密切相关,低浓度可生物降解微塑料的效应最强.这些发现有望为微塑料的植物毒理研究提供新的方向.