贵州省土壤温度状况估算

土壤温度是土壤重要的内在属性,亦是反映区域环境特征和土壤系统分类体系中的重要基础性指标。但在贵州省境内,由于缺乏数据观测体系,目前还缺乏完整的土壤温度报道和估算方法。介于此,本文收集了贵州省境内84个气象站多年的地面气候资料数据,通过拟合土壤温度与年平均气温、纬度、经度和海拔高度之间的关系,构建了相应的土壤温度估算模型,并与其他三种地区性土温测算方法进行比对,得到了相对一致的分析结果。模型估算的区域土壤温度结果显示,贵州省各地区土壤温度以"热性土壤"为主(15℃≤Y22℃),少数地区如:毕节的大方、威宁和六盘水的水城三个地方为"温性土壤"(8℃≤Y15℃)。     

Conservation Biology of Caecilian Amphibians

Abstract:  Most of the available data on declining populations of amphibians pertain to frogs and, to a lesser extent, salamanders. In keeping with their generally less understood biology, the population trends and conservation status of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) are also much less known. We reviewed reports of threats to and declines of populations of caecilians. Despite a lack of field-study details (e.g., localities, dates, and sampling methods) and quantitative data, there are several recent reports of threats to and declines and extinctions of caecilians. A range of causal explanations (habitat loss, pollution, chytridiomycosis, and scientific collecting) for these perceived declines have been proposed but little or no associated evidence has been given. Although caecilians are often considered rare and thought to require pristine habitat, published, quantitative data demonstrate that at least some species can occur in high abundance in disturbed, synanthropic environments. Few estimates of caecilian population parameters have been made and very few field methods have been tested, so the assumed rarity of any taxa remains inadequately demonstrated. Distribution and taxonomic data are also inadequate. Because they are generally poorly known and often cryptic, caecilians can be overlooked in standard faunal surveys, meaning that lack of opportunistic collection over several years might not represent evidence of decline. The conservation status of most species must be considered data deficient. More precise assessments will require a substantial increase in all areas of caecilian research, especially those involving new fieldwork. Future reports of caecilian conservation biology need to be explicit and more quantitative.     

Diversity of hydric soils in North Carolina,USA

Hydric soils are used as supportive evidence for wetland delineations by federal and state agencies and by the private sector in North Carolina, USA. An analysis of hydric soil distribution and hydric soil characteristics was conducted with county soil surveys and soil taxonomy of the USA. Approximately 100 hydric soils have been used for soil mapping in North Carolina, and they represent seven of the ten soil orders in soil taxonomy. An estimated 23% (2.9 million ha) of the land surface area in North Carolina supports hydric soils. Approximately 96% of the known hydric soil acreage was found in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Over one-third of the soils were hydric Ultisols, which represented close to 10% of the land surface area. The other soil orders with extensive hydric soil acreage included Histosols, Inceptisols, and Entisols. The soil orders were separated into great groups of soil taxonomy to discuss soil profile characteristics. Landscape positions and associated wetland communities were also presented. In North Carolina, a statewide inventory of wetlands does not exist and soil surveys offer a resource for a first approximation of wetland boundaries.     

干旱地区几种豆科植物根瘤菌的数值分类和SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳分析

从新疆、内蒙干旱地区苜蓿属、草木樨属、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤中分离出５４株根瘤菌,对其中４８株根瘤菌和２２株参比菌一起进行了数值分类研究,在８５％的相似性水平上,未知菌分为３个不同于已知种的新群．另加入６株分离自锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌,共７６株菌进行了全细胞蛋白ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析,在８０％的相似性水平上,已知菌相应成群,未知菌除ＸＪ９６３４２在６８％的相似性水平上和群５、６、７、８、Ｒ．ｇａｌｅｇａ聚群外,其余未知菌则分布在４、５、６、７、８、９、１０七个群中．群４中所有菌株属于数值分类的群１;群６中有３株菌属于数值分类的群３;群９中有８株菌为数值分类群２的菌株．反映了两种方法在分类上得到的结果比较近似．     

A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions

Abstract: An essential foundation of any science is a standard lexicon. Any given conservation project can be described in terms of the biodiversity targets, direct threats, contributing factors at the project site, and the conservation actions that the project team is employing to change the situation. These common elements can be linked in a causal chain, which represents a theory of change about how the conservation actions are intended to bring about desired project outcomes. If project teams want to describe and share their work and learn from one another, they need a standard and precise lexicon to specifically describe each node along this chain. To date, there have been several independent efforts to develop standard classifications for the direct threats that affect biodiversity and the conservation actions required to counteract these threats. Recognizing that it is far more effective to have only one accepted global scheme, we merged these separate efforts into unified classifications of threats and actions, which we present here. Each classification is a hierarchical listing of terms and associated definitions. The classifications are comprehensive and exclusive at the upper levels of the hierarchy, expandable at the lower levels, and simple, consistent, and scalable at all levels. We tested these classifications by applying them post hoc to 1191 threatened bird species and 737 conservation projects. Almost all threats and actions could be assigned to the new classification systems, save for some cases lacking detailed information. Furthermore, the new classification systems provided an improved way of analyzing and comparing information across projects when compared with earlier systems. We believe that widespread adoption of these classifications will help practitioners more systematically identify threats and appropriate actions, managers to more efficiently set priorities and allocate resources, and most important, facilitate cross‐project learning and the development of a systematic science of conservation.     

陕甘宁地区根瘤菌数值分类与DNA同源性分析

在陕甘宁地区根瘤菌资源调查的基础上,选取其中与黄芪、岩黄蓍、木兰、鸡眼草及胡枝子共生的４０株快生根瘤菌和２５株参比菌株,对１３３项表型性状进行聚类分析,在８２％的相似性水平上构成５个不同于已知种的新亚群．对第１、２、３、４亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％测定及ＤＮＡ同源性分析结果表明,４个亚群ｘ（Ｇ＋Ｃ）／％含量均处于Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ属范围;各亚群内菌株ＤＮＡ同源性均在７５％以上,每个亚群中心菌株与１３个已知种模式菌株的ＤＮＡ同源性均小于６３％．从而证明,第１、２、３、４亚群为４个独立的快生根瘤菌新种群     

内蒙古中东部地区几种豆科牧草根瘤菌的表型多样性及水分梯度对其分布的影响

选用101株分离自扁蓿豆、胡枝子、野豌豆、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌菌株，进行了营养利用、抗生素抗性、耐逆性和酶活性测定等84个表型性状分析，发现分离自同种寄主植物的根瘤菌由于地理来源的不相同而存在着较大的多样性．通过数值分类，各已知种分别聚群，101株未知菌在84％的相似水平上分为4个各不同的群．根据1、2、3、4群菌的聚类情况，结合在不同水分梯度下采集的豆科牧草根瘤菌，结果发现除个别菌外，绝大部分菌株呈现随着水分梯度的不同，各菌以类群形式分布．证明土壤中水分含量对根瘤菌的分布有很大影响．     

山西吕梁山南段植物群落的数量分类和排序研究

运用TWINSPAN和DCA相结合的数量生态学方法对吕梁山南段云邱山的植物群落进行分类和排序.结果表明,TWINSPAN分类将74个样方划分为18个群丛;分类结果较好地反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证;对74个样方和优势种的DCA排序表明影响吕梁山南段植物群落分布的主导生态因子是水分和土壤,而认为干扰加剧了该区域植被的退化.图2表1参13     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

Streptomyces avermitilis from marine

The insecticidal strain 173 was isolated from marine source and its activity was explored by the bioassay of brine shrimp and Helicoverpa armigera. Based on morphological, physiological and molecular properties, the insecticidal strain 173 was identified as Streptomycetes avermitilis, which is the best insecticidal microorganism found in the terrestrial environment. The taxonomy of the strain 173, insecticidal spectrum and properties of the corresponding insecticidal antibiotics are reported.