汉江“水华”成因分析及防治

汉江是长江的最大支流,是陕西、湖北两省沿岸居民生活用水和工业用水的重要水源。随着沿岸人口的增加,工业的发展,排污量不断增加,使汉江水质逐年下降,于近几年多次出现水华。本文在调查的基础上,对汉江水华成因进行了分析并提出了防治措施,供有关部门参考。     

珠江口东海域营养盐比例及其对藻类的影响

根据珠江口东四口门(虎门、蕉门、洪奇门、横门)海域的调查资料,对营养盐含量和比值与浮游植物生长和种群结构的关系进行分析。结果表明:调查海域浮游植物的生长与海水中营养盐的浓度及营养盐之间的比例均有关,丰富的氮、磷、硅和较高的N:P、Si:P、Si:N比,可能是形成目前调查海域浮游植物群落以硅藻类占优势的种群结构的主要原因;但是在像深圳湾这样的半封闭海湾,营养盐含量及其之间的比例发生变化(尤其是N:P),将对浮游植物种群结构产生相应的影响。     

近岸工程施工期对海洋生物的影响及其减缓措施

近岸工程施工时,围海造堤、码头搭建、桥桩钻孔和航道疏浚等人为活动会引起周边海域环境的变化,进而对海洋中的藻类,无脊椎动物(浮游动物、虾蟹类、底栖动物)及鱼类的种群生物量、生产力/结构、繁殖及后代成活能力、生理结构及形态等产生影响。结合国内外研究成果,综述了近岸工程施工期所带来的悬浮物变化和爆破冲击波对海洋生物所产生的主要影响,并提出几点缓解影响的措施,以期为海洋污染防治和海洋生态系统保护提供依据。     

Optimization and modeling of coagulation-flocculation to remove algae and organic matter from surface water by response surface methodology

Charge neutralization and sweep flocculation were the major mechanisms. Effect of process parameters was investigated. Optimal coagulation conditions were studied by response surface methodology. ANN models presented more robust and accurate prediction than RSM. Seasonal algal blooms of Lake Yangcheng highlight the necessity to develop an effective and optimal water treatment process to enhance the removal of algae and dissolved organic matter (DOM). In the present study, the coagulation performance for the removal of algae, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) was investigated systematically by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). The regression models were developed to illustrate the relationships between coagulation performance and experimental variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test the significance of the response surface models. It can be concluded that the major mechanisms of coagulation to remove algae and DOM were charge neutralization and sweep flocculation at a pH range of 4.66–6.34. The optimal coagulation conditions with coagulant dosage of 7.57 mg Al/L, pH of 5.42 and initial algal cell density of 3.83 × 10⁶ cell/mL led to removal of 96.76%, 97.64%, 40.23% and 30.12% in term of cell density, turbidity, DOC and UV₂₅₄ absorbance, respectively, which were in good agreement with the validation experimental results. A comparison between the modeling results derived through both ANOVA and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on experimental data showed a high correlation coefficient, which indicated that the models were significant and fitted well with experimental results. The results proposed a valuable reference for the treatment of algae-laden surface water in practical application by the optimal coagulation-flocculation process.     

引滦河道中水质偏碱的起因研究

过分析揭示引滦河道pH值偏高的主要区域在于桥水库内,并分别从引滦河道流域内的岩石、土壤对地面水中溶质的影响、地下水运移及地面水中浮游植物的光合作用对水体pH值的影响等几方面寻找原因。经研究确定水体中藻类的光合作用是pH升高的主要原因。水中较高的氮、磷使藻类大量繁殖,而藻类在光合作用过程中,吸收二氧化碳,放出氧气,从而影响水中HCO-₃,CO₂和OH-的平衡,进而导致水体中pH升高。      

Algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata) mitigate combined toxicity of microplastic and lead on Ceriodaphnia dubia

• Micro-plastics (MPs) significantly increase Pb toxicity. • Algae reduce the combined toxicity of MP and Pb. • The toxicity increase comes from high soluble Pb and MP-Pb uptake. • The toxicity reduction might come from energy related pathway. Microplastics (MPs) have been recognized as a new class of emerging contaminants in recent years. They not only directly impact aquatic organisms, but also indirectly impact these organisms by interacting with background toxins in the environment. Moreover, under realistic environmental conditions, algae, a natural food for aquatic organisms, may alter the toxicity pattern related to MPs. In this research, we first examined the toxicity of MPs alone, and their effect on the toxicity of lead (Pb) on Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia), a model aquatic organism for toxicity survey. Then, we investigated the effect of algae on the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb. We observed that, MPs significantly increased Pb toxicity, which was related to the increase in soluble Pb concentration and the intake of Pb-loaded MPs, both of which increased the accumulation of Pb in C. dubia. The presence of algae mitigated the combined toxicity of MPs and Pb, although algae alone increased Pb accumulation. Therefore, the toxicity mitigation through algae uptake came from mechanisms other than Pb accumulation, which will need further investigation.     

Synthesis and use of a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil with dimethyl carbonate

The preparation of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts and their activity in the transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil by dimethyl carbonate were investigated. We also investigated the effect of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst on the biodiesel yield. The development of sodium methoxide-treated algae catalysts can overcome most problems associated with dissolution in dimethyl carbonate. The products were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify the fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel produced. The molar ratio of Pongamia pinnata seed oil to dimethyl carbonate in transesterification in the presence of the sodium methoxide-treated algae catalyst was observed to play a substantial role in this study, wherein the Pongamia pinnata seed oil conversion increased with increasing catalyst concentration. The highest percent conversion rate was 97%. With intense research focus and development, an ideal catalyst can indeed be developed for optimal biodiesel production that is both economically feasible and environmentally benign.     

Investigation on the eco-toxicity of lake sediments with the addition of drinking water treatment residuals

Drinking water treatment residuals(WTRs) have a potential to realize eutrophication control objectives by reducing the internal phosphorus(P) load of lake sediments. Information regarding the ecological risk of dewatered WTR reuse in aquatic environments is generally lacking, however. In this study, we analyzed the eco-toxicity of leachates from sediments with or without dewatered WTRs toward algae Chlorella vulgaris via algal growth inhibition testing with algal cell density, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content, antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity, and subcellular structure indices. The results suggested that leachates from sediments unanimously inhibited algal growth, with or without the addition of different WTR doses(10% or 50% of the sediment in dry weight) at different p H values(8–9), as well as from sediments treated for different durations(10 or 180 days). The inhibition was primarily the result of P deficiency in the leachates owing to WTR P adsorption, however, our results suggest that the dewatered WTRs were considered as a favorable potential material for internal P loading control in lake restoration projects, as it shows acceptably low risk toward aquatic plants.     

Enantioselective toxic effects and biodegradation of benalaxyl in Scenedesmus obliquus

Enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity and biodegradation of chiral pesticide benalaxyl to freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus was studied. The 96 h-EC₅₀ values of rac-, R-(−)-, S-(+)-benalaxyl were 2.893, 3.867, and 8.441 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, the acute toxicities of benalaxyl enantiomers were enantioselective. In addition, the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to evaluate the different toxic effects. Chlorophyll a was induced by S-(+)-benalaxyl but inhibited by R-(−)-benalaxyl at 1 mg L⁻¹. Chlorophyll b were both induced at 1 mg L⁻¹, but S-(+)-form was fourfold higher than R-(−)-form. S-(+)-benalaxyl inhibited more CAT activities at 3 mg L⁻¹ and 5 mg L⁻¹, induced less SOD activity and MDA content at 5 mg L⁻¹ than R-(−)-benalaxyl. Based on these data, enantioselectivity occurred in anti-oxidative stress when S. obliquus response to benalaxyl. In the biodegradation experiment, the half-lives of S-(+)-benalaxyl and R-(−)-benalaxyl were 4.07 d and 5.04 d, respectively, resulting in relative enrichment of the R-(−)-form. These results showed that toxic effects and biodegradation of benalaxyl in S. obliquus were enantioselective, and such enantiomeric differences must be taken into consideration in pesticide risk.     

Identifying the cause of toxicity in an algal whole effluent toxicity study - an unanticipated toxicant

Toxicity was observed in whole effluent toxicity (WET) studies with the freshwater alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, in three consecutive monthly studies, (NOEC = 50-75%). Toxicity was not observed to Ceriodaphnia dubia or the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas in concurrent studies. Selected toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) tests were conducted in a tiered approach to eliminate possible toxicants and progressively identify the causative agent. Filtration following alkaline adjustment (pH 10 or 11) was effective in eliminating significant growth effects and also reduced phosphate concentration. The TIE studies confirmed that the observed effluent toxicity was caused by excess ortho-phosphate in the effluent not by overstimulation or related to unfavorable N:P ratios; but due to direct toxicity. The 96-h 25% inhibition concentration (IC25) of ortho-phosphate to P. subcapitata was 3.4 mg L⁻¹ while the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was 4.8 mg L⁻¹. This study illustrates the value of multi-species testing and also provides an example of an effective TIE using algae identifying an unanticipated toxicant.