采用Ti/PbO2阳极氧化进行污泥预处理的研究

提高市政污泥脱水性能是当前污泥预处理中的热点和难点.本文以毛细吸水时间(CST)作为衡量污泥预处理中脱水性能的指标,选用钛/二氧化铅网状极板为阴、阳电极,研究了电解电压、极板间距、电解质种类及电解质投加量等因素对电化学预处理市政污泥的影响.结果表明,电压对污泥脱水性能影响较大,在电压为20 V、极板间距为2 cm、电解质为0.6 g Na Cl的条件下,电化学处理市政污泥20 min效果最佳,污泥的CST下降率在90%以上.进一步探究表明,电解过程中污泥菌胶团结构首先被破坏,释放大量结合水,且菌胶团内的蛋白质和多聚糖释放到上清液中,二者浓度先升高;随后二者部分氧化分解,浓度降低,从而有效提高市政污泥脱水性能.     

两类抗生素对EBPR系统的短期生物抑制作用实验研究

基于强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统,从除磷过程、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的消耗过程、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)的合成与消耗过程、胞外聚合物(EPS)的总量变化过程及比呼吸速率(SOUR)的变化过程等多个角度出发,系统地研究了高浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))红霉素和土霉素对EBPR系统的短期冲击作用.结果表明,高浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))红霉素和土霉素在24 h之内均能对除磷过程产生明显的抑制作用,除磷效率分别下降至63.3%和61.2%.抗生素对VFA的消耗过程并无明显作用,而对PHAs的厌氧合成和好氧消耗过程影响较为显著.同时,高浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))抗生素对EPS中蛋白质(PN)合成量的抑制率在26.7%以上.SOUR变化过程的分析结果表明,抗生素对EBPR系统中微生物的呼吸作用抑制显著,在高浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))抗生素反应器中抑制率在16.0%以上.对比分析结果表明,相同浓度的土霉素比红霉素对EBPR系统的抑制更为显著,且EBPR系统的好氧过程比厌氧过程更容易受到抑制.     

不同负荷下生物膜脱落与载体生物膜生物特性的相互影响

为探究不同负荷下生物膜的脱落特性,对试验过程中生物膜脱落量及载体上生物膜生物特性进行了研究.结果表明:生物膜脱落量随运行时间延长而增大;有机负荷对生物膜脱落量的影响不同,负荷高脱落量大.紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)是生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)的主要组成部分,生物膜EPS量随负荷的增大而增大;EPS中多糖含量越高,生物膜脱落量越小.系统中pH值逐渐下降并抑制生物膜活性,生物膜脱落量随着脱氢酶活性的下降而增加,载体上生物膜脱氢酶活性也会随着生物膜脱落量的增加而下降.生物膜脱落过程中,生物膜微型动物多度、物种数减少,物种多样性水平随着运行时间延长而降低;有机负荷较高,生物膜微型动物多样性较高,物种稳定性指数WS较高而多样性稳定性指数WH较低,但其生物膜脱落量大.因子分析揭示了不同负荷下生物膜脱落与生物膜特性的相互关系,与生物膜脱落紧密相关的因子依次为生物膜组成与活性因子、生物因子、负荷因子等.生物膜脱落与载体上附着生物膜相互作用、相互影响.     

SRT对酵母-SBR处理油脂废水稳定性的影响

污泥龄(SRT)是影响废水生物处理系统稳定性的重要参数,SRT对酵母菌处理废水系统的影响尚不明确.为探明SRT对酵母处理油脂废水的影响,在序批式反应器(SBR)中考察了不同SRT(5、10、20、40 d)对废水处理效果、胞外聚合物(EPS)、酵母污泥沉降性的影响,并通过PCR-DGGE及克隆测序方法解析了系统中的酵母菌群落结构.结果表明:酵母菌处理油脂废水合适的SRT为5~10 d;较长SRT会导致COD去除率降低及污泥中EPS总量下降;酵母污泥中EPS以紧密型EPS为主,主要成分为多糖;5~40 d范围内的SRT对系统中酵母污泥的污泥容积指数(SVI)影响不显著,但系统在长的SRT(20d)下运行会导致系统中丝状细胞明显增多,有丝状菌性膨胀的趋势;长、短SRT下酵母群落结构相似,系统中都出现了3株可以利用或者降解油脂的外源性酵母菌株.综上结果,短SRT有利于酵母处理油脂废水系统的运行稳定性.     

Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响研究

含水率是影响污泥处置效果与成本的重要因素,通过泥饼含水率、上清液COD、蛋白质、多糖质量浓度、污泥粒径等指标,研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和Fenton试剂单独及联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响,初步探讨其调理机制.结果表明,CPAM阳离子度越高,脱水效果越好,且酸性条件有利于改善CPAM的污泥脱水效果.Fenton试剂H2O2投加量越高,污泥脱水效果越好.Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理时污泥脱水效果更为显著,投加FeSO4=2 g.L-1、H2O2=6 g.L-1,污泥含水率由原泥的85.5%降低至76.7%,再投加CPAM 3 kg.t-1联合调理后污泥含水率降至74.8%.Fenton试剂对胞外聚合物的破解作用使污泥粒径变小,比表面积增大,释放部分的吸附水和内部水;CPAM与Fenton试剂的联合调理,将分散的污泥絮体凝聚,污泥平均粒径由35.16μm增至50.50μm,比表面积由未加入CPAM的0.39 m2.g-1降至0.20 m2.g-1,联合调理对污泥脱水效果的改善作用优于单一絮凝剂调理.     

Ca2+对污泥硝化活性和絮凝沉降性能的影响

Ca~(2+)是微生物重要的生长因子,影响污泥的活性和絮凝沉降性能.为了研究Ca~(2+)在活性污泥体系中的作用,采用比耗氧速率(SOURAOB和SOURNOB)分析硝化菌和亚硝化菌活性的变化,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)和三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy,3D-EEM)分析胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)组分和结构的变化,考察Ca~(2+)对污泥硝化活性和代谢产物的影响.结果表明,当Ca~(2+)浓度由0. 45 mmol·L-1逐渐提高至3 mmol·L-1时,SOURAOB和SOURNOB分别由6. 3 mg·(g·h)-1和2. 3 mg·(g·h)-1升高至10. 4 mg·(g·h)-1和3. 7 mg·(g·h)-1,EPS总量由68 mg·g-1增加至93 mg·g-1,污泥重絮凝能力(FA)增强.当Ca~(2+) 3mmol·L-1时,SOURAOB和SOURNOB均下降,FA维持在30%左右,污泥粒径持续增大.随着Ca~(2+)浓度的增加,由FTIR分析可知,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的主要组成基团均未发生明显变化,以氨基、酰胺Ⅰ和羧基为主;由EEM分析可知,LB-EPS组成未发生变化,在低硝化速率下,TB-EPS中存在腐殖酸类物质.低浓度的Ca~(2+)促进污泥硝化活性和絮凝性,高浓度的Ca~(2+)导致污泥硝化活性降低.     

Characterization of changes in extracellular polymeric substances and heavy metal speciation of waste activated sludge during typical oxidation solubilization processes

Biopolymer solubilization is considered to be the rate-limiting stage of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge(WAS). Oxidation processes have been proven to be effective in disrupting sludge flocs and causing solubilization of the solid biopolymers. In this study,WAS was treated by NaNO2 or H2 O2 oxidation at p H of 2. The changes in extracellular polymeric substances properties and the speciation of heavy metals were investigated. The results revealed that both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatments were effective in solubilizing organics in WAS, while the conversion of biopolymers in the two treatment processes was different. Free nitrous acid destroyed the gel network structure of EPS, and organic materials were released from the solid phase to the supernatant. Indigenous peroxidase catalyzed H2 O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals which caused significant solubilization of biopolymers, and the protein-like substances were further degraded into micro-molecule polypeptides or amino acids at high dosages of H2 O2. During the oxidation processes, Zn, Cd and Cu, with excellent mobility, tended to migrate to the supernatant, and thus were easy to remove through the liquid–solid separation process. Ni and As showed moderate migration ability, of which the residual fraction tended to transform into reducible and soluble fractions. With poor mobility, Cr and Pb mainly existed in the forms of residual and oxidizable fractions, which were difficult to dissolve and remove from WAS. Both NaNO2 and H2 O2 treatment resulted in the enhancement of sludge solubilization efficiency and heavy metal mobility in WAS, but different heavy metals showed distinct migration and transformation behaviors.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

胞外聚合物和信号分子对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

为了探究胞外聚合物（EPS）对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥活性的影响,分别向厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中投加30mg/L的总胞外聚合物（IN-EPS）,松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）.结果表明,3种EPS均可提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性.对于添加了IN-EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的实验组,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的氨氮去除速率分别增加了6.68%,10.5%和19.29%,厌氧氨氧化菌的生长速率分别增加了18.25%,21%,16.3%.三维荧光光谱法分析发现3种EPS的组成基本相同,以芳香族蛋白质和可溶性微生物产物为主.对EPS中的高丝氨酸内酯类（AHLs）信号分子进行检测,发现EPS中含有3种信号分子,分别是C4-HSL,C6-HSL和C10-HSL,外源投加这3种AHLs到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中,结果发现C4-HSL和C6-HSL可以提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性和生长速率,这是EPS可以提高厌氧氨氧化菌活性的原因.     

Distinctive differences in the granulation of saline and non-saline enriched anaerobic ammonia oxidizing (AMX) bacteria

The growing interest in the anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (AMX) process in treating high nitrogen containing wastewaters and a comprehensive study into the granulation mechanism of these bacteria under diverse environmental conditions over the years have been unequal. To this effect, the distinctive differences in saline adapted AMX (S_AMX) and non-saline adapted AMX (NS_AMX) granules are presented in this study. It was observed that substrate utilisation profiles, granule formation mechanism, and pace towards granulation differed marginally for the two adaptation conditions. The different microbial dominant aggregation types aided in splitting the 471 days operated lab-scale SBRs into three distinct phases. In both reactors, phase III (granules dominant phase) showed the highest average nitrogen removal efficiency of 87.9% ± 4.8% and 85.6% ± 3.6% for the S_AMX and NS_AMX processes, respectively. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) quantity and major composition determined its role either as a binding agent in granulation or a survival mechanism in saline adaptation. It was also observed that granules of the S_AMX reactor were mostly loosely and less condensed aggregates of smaller sub-units and flocs while those of the NS_AMX reactor were compact agglomerates. The ionic gradient in saline enrichment led to an increased activity of the Na⁺/K⁺ – ATPase, hence enriched granules produced higher cellular adenosine triphosphate molecules which finally improved the granules active biomass ratio by 32.96%. Microbial community showed that about three to four major known AMX species made up the granules consortia in both reactors. Proteins and expression of functional genes differed for these different species.