2011年春季辽宁一次沙尘天气过程及其对不同粒径颗粒物和空气质量的影响

利用2011年5月11—12日辽宁沙尘天气过程的相关资料,分析了沙尘天气对不同粒径颗粒物及空气质量的影响及此次沙尘过程的天气成因.结果表明:沙尘天气发生前后可吸入颗粒物PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁的浓度变化很大,沈阳、鞍山、本溪和丹东4城市PM₁₀、PM_2.5的小时浓度最大值都增大了1.5~20倍;粗粒子PM_(2.5~10)的数量浓度分别增加了30~41倍,质量浓度分别增加了27~30倍;细粒子PM_(1~2.5)的质量浓度分别增加了30~35倍,数量浓度分别增加了15~30倍;微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度各城市表现不同,沈阳微粒子的数量浓度和质量浓度最大值增大了3倍和5倍,而鞍山PM₁的数量浓度和质量浓度分别减少了50%和10%.受蒙古气旋的影响内蒙古地区产生大风降温天气,大风将内蒙古地区的沙尘带到高空并随西风带向东移动进入辽宁,由于辽宁地区风速比较小,造成了辽宁大部分地区的浮尘天气,并对辽宁各地空气质量造成了严重影响,除丹东外辽宁其他13个城市空气质量都达到了轻微污染到重度污染的级别,铁岭、阜新、沈阳和抚顺的污染指数分别超过了300,达到了重度污染的级别.     

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化微生物特性研究进展

亚硝酸盐型甲烷厌氧氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,N-DAMO)是新近发现的生物反应,是偶联碳氮循环的关键环节,是环境领域和微生物领域的重大发现.N-DAMO的发现对于完善碳氮生物地球化学循环、丰富微生物学内容和研发新型生物脱氮除碳工艺均具有巨大的推动作用.催化N-DAMO反应的微生物为Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M.oxyfera),其隶属于一新发现的细菌门——NC10门.近年来,M.oxyfera的生物学研究取得了许多突破性进展,如初步探明了其个体形态特征、细胞化学组分特征、富集培养特征、生理生化特征及生态学特征,最突出的例子包括发现了M.oxyfera独特的细胞(星状)形态及特殊的脂肪酸(10Me C16∶1Δ7)组分等.最近,N-DAMO的机制研究方面也有了突破性进展:发现了地球上第4种生物产氧途径.目前认为,M.oxyfera具有内产氧功能,其首先将NO-2还原为NO,然后将2分子NO进行歧化反应生成N2和O2,最后利用生成的O2对甲烷进行氧化.本文系统地介绍了M.oxyfera各方面的微生物特性.     

上海市典型地区环境空气可吸入颗粒物中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

为了探究上海市典型地区环境空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中重金属的污染水平及其对人体的健康风险,本研究分别于夏季和冬季在上海徐汇区和金山区设置多个采样点,采集室外大气PM_(10)样品,同时招募相同区域各20名志愿者进行室内颗粒物采集,分析其中Cr、As、Pb、Cd和Hg的含量,并采用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的风险进行评价.结果显示,上海市典型地区环境空气中的PM_(10)浓度范围为36.6～266.6μg·m~(-3),其中,冬季浓度高于夏季,城市浓度高于农村,室外浓度高于室内;PM_(10)中重金属含量从高到低依次是AsPbCrCdHg,且呈一定的空间分布关系,室外Pb和Cd的平均浓度高于室内,As则是室内浓度高于室外.上海市典型地区环境空气PM_(10)中的重金属致癌风险为成年人高于儿童,As存在潜在致癌风险.     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

北京市昌平区大气环境PM10中多环芳烃的含量及变化趋势

通过采集了2004～2006年北京市昌平区四个季节中大气PM10样品,采用超声抽提方法,使用GC/MS分析了该区PAHs含量和组成.结果显示,三年中四个季度的18种PAHs总量范围分别为21.64～656.39ng/m3、31.94～164.33ng/m3和7.294～209.3ng/m3,其中致癌性极强的苯并[a]芘含量范围为2.69～36.95 ng/m3、1.44～6.6ng/m3和0.256～8.625ng/m1,其变化趋势与PAHs总量有较好的相关性.PAHs的浓度是冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,这与夏季时雨水冲刷和阳光照射强度大导致PAHs光解,冬季时燃煤排放大等影响因素有关.文章还使用多种方法判断昌平区大气PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气,其它污染源贡献较小.     

The behavioral component in the meaning of places

How do people think about the physical setting in the world around them? Part of the answer to this question may be in terms of the behaviors that occur there. To explore people's knowledge of behavior—place associations, twenty places (shown via color photographs) were assessed in five ways: (a) ratings of the place's suitability for each of eleven behaviors, (b) ratings of the expected frequency of occurrence of the eleven behaviors, (c) free listings of reasons for going to each place, (d) free listings of activities-while-there and (e) free listings of activities associated with the place. Results showed that people can distinguish places on the basis of behaviors, that the behavioral component of place meaning is composed of distinct aspects, and that knowledge of behavior is related to a global, overall representation of a place.     

北京大气PM10中水溶性氯盐的观测研究

氯盐是大气气溶胶中重要水溶性无机盐,对2004年全年北京大气可吸入颗粒中氯盐的变化进行了监测,结果表明北京大气中可溶性氯盐的年均值在(3.1±1.7)μg·m^-3,采暖期平均浓度为(4.6±2.1)μg·m^-3,非采暖期平均浓度为(2.6±1.6)μg·m^-3.最低值出现在5月,为(1.3±0.8)μg·m^-3;最高值出现在12月,为(5.8±5.3)μg·m^-3.日变化在秋冬季多为白天浓度低,晚上浓度高,夏春季多呈现上午高,下午低的特征;季节变化呈现秋冬季高,春夏季低的特点.     

以珠三角典型灰霾天气为例谈资料分析方法

分析处理复杂问题需要抓住主流,以珠三角地区发生的一次典型灰霾天气过程为例讨论了抽丝剥茧的资料分析方法.这次灰霾过程同期20日左右,中亚、蒙古国与我国北方发生了当年沙尘天气影响范围最广的一次强沙尘暴过程,冷空气前锋22日凌晨到达穗港地区,但穗港两地空气质量发生了相反的变化,香港空气质量急剧恶化,气溶胶浓度超过700μg/...     

Cost pass-through to higher ethanol blends at the pump: Evidence from Minnesota gas station data

We examine the pass-through of wholesale prices to retail prices in the market for E85, which contains 51%–83% ethanol, and in the much larger market for E10, which contains 10% ethanol. We use a panel dataset consisting of monthly observations from 2007 to March 2015 on wholesale and retail prices for 274 Minnesota gas stations that sell both E10 and E85. Consistent with prior research, the cumulative pass-through coefficient for E10 is 1.00 after one month. In contrast, the E85 market is sparse, and although pass-through increased over time, we estimate it to be only 0.53 statewide from 2012 to 2015. Pass-through is higher at stations with more local E85 competitors. In the Twin Cities, which has a high density of E85 stations, pass-through is nearly complete, but outside the Twin Cities slightly less than half the wholesale discount of E85, relative to E10, is passed on to the consumer.