生态安全弹性与生态安全"倒U"曲线

文章从生态安全的研究现状入手,根据生态系统和人类社会系统之间的主要关系,论述了生态安全弹性和安全"倒U"曲线理论.生态安全弹性能够反映安全系数、安全阈值、干扰程度三者的关系,由它来判断人类向生态系统索取自然资源的活动更具有预测性、可操作性,并能保证生态系统自身也处于可持续发展的良性状态.     

United states survey on chromosome mosaicism and pseudomosaicism in prenatal diagnosis

The survey of the incidence of chromosome mosaicism and pseudomosaicism detected in prenatal diagnosis included data from approximately 60 000 genetic amniocenteses in the United States. There were 59 participating cytogenetic laboratories nationwide. The overall incidence of chromosome mosaicism was 0.25 per cent (range of 0–0.89 per cent). The average frequency of pseudomosaicism involving multiple cells or clones was 0.7 per cent (range of 0–11.21 per cent). The frequency of single cell or clone pseudomosaicism was 2.47 per cent (range of 0–11.49 per cent). In cases of pseudomosaicism with trisomy, the most frequently involved chromosome was number 2; occurrence rates of trisomies 7,X,9,17 and 20 were also relatively high. In cases of pseudomosaicism with structural abnormalities, this survey showed an association between relative chromosome size and the frequency of involvement in structural rearrangement. Data on a total of 185 cases of chromosome mosaicism collected in this survey as well as from other documented sources showed 89 cases involved an autosome, 13 cases a sex chromosome, and 23 a marker chromosome. The frequency of noticeable phenotypic abnormalities was highest (37.8 per cent) in the autosomal mosaics and lowest (10.5 per cent) in the sex chromosome mosaics. The average rate for cytogenetic confirmation was 70 per cent.     

A Nationwide Analysis of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reservoir Performance in Meeting Operational Targets

The United States (U.S.) Army Corps of Engineers operates reservoirs across the U.S. with 89% of reservoirs constructed prior to 1980. Many reservoirs have experienced changes in environmental conditions (e.g., climate and sediment yield) and societal conditions (e.g., water/energy demand and ecological flows) since construction. These changes may challenge the potential for reservoirs to meet their operational targets (OTs) (management goals). Historic daily reservoir data and OTs were collected for 233 reservoirs. Analyses were developed to identify when and where reservoirs may be systematically departing from OTs in terms of the frequency and magnitude of departure. Fifty‐six percent of reservoirs consistently met operating targets, 30% were borderline, and 13% experienced frequent and large magnitude departures. Fifty‐two percent of reservoirs with large departures were due to shortages and were located in the South Pacific and Southwestern divisions. This work provides a framework to identify reservoir performance in relation to management goals, a necessary step for moving toward adaptive management under changing conditions. All individual reservoir analyses are provided via an interactive data visualization tool: https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/reservoir-data .     

Variability and predictability of sea-level extremes in the Hawaiian and U.S.-Trust Islands—a knowledge base for coastal hazards management

The objective of this study is to provide an improved climatology of sea level extremes on seasonal and long-term time scales for Hawaii and the U.S-Trust islands. Observations revealed that the Hawaiian and U.S.-Trust islands, by and large, display a strong annual cycle. For estimating the statistics of return period, the three-parameter generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is fitted using the method of L-moments. In the context of extremes (20- to 100-year return periods), the deviations in most of the Hawaiian Islands (except at Nawiliwili and Hilo) displayed a moderate sea-level rise (i.e., close to 200 mm), but the deviations in the U.S.-Trust islands displayed a considerably higher rise (i.e., more than 300 mm) in some seasons due to typhoon-related storm surges. This rise may cause damage to roads, harbors, and unstable sandy beaches. Correlations between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate cycle and the variability of seasonal sea level have been investigated. Results show that correlation for the station located west of the International Date Line (DL) is strong, but it is moderate or even weaker for stations east of the DL. The skill of SST-based Canonical Correlation Analyses (CCA) forecasts was found to be weak to moderate (0.4–0.6 for Honolulu, Kahului, Hilo, and Wake, and 0.3 or below for Kahului, Mokuoloe, and Johnston). Finally, these findings are synthesized for evaluating the potential implications of sea level variability in these islands.     

工业用水与经济发展的关系——用水库兹涅茨曲线

经验数据显示,发达国家工业用水随经济发展的变化存在着一个由上升转而下降的转折点。因此,工业用水随收入增长的演变模式可以用库兹涅茨曲线形式来表示。工业用水下降点对应的人均GDP的阈值是3700-17 000US$(PPP,以1985年为基数)。与之相应的第二产业在GDP总量中所占份额是30％～50％。工业用水下降的直接原因是用水效率的提高,其来源有两方面:部门用水效率的提高和经济结构调整。这提供了一个积极的信号,即发展中国家的工业用水将不会一直持续增长,从而为更好地预测发展中国家的工业用水量提供非常重要的思路,也为正确把握用水变化规律,制定符合规律的水资源对策提供科学基础。     

THE LEGAL‐INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS MODEL AND WATER POLICYMAKING IN A BI‐NATIONAL SETTING1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports the use of a water negotiation model, the Legal‐Institutional Analysis Model (LIAM), in the bi‐national setting of the U.S. and Mexico in the Paso del Norte region. The following study discusses the results of developing baseline data where interstate, international, and cultural factors, as well as a long history of conflict, impact on negotiations and the extent to which the LIAM is a valuable tool for analyzing behavior among institutional actors in such a setting. The findings suggest that most water policy actors in the region prefer brokered solutions as defined within the LIAM framework.     

纳米α - Fe2O3微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特性研究

将海藻酸钠与纳米α-Fe2O3制成微球,用于吸附U(Ⅵ)。探讨了纳米α-Fe2O3含量、交联时间、pH值、投加量、浓度、温度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,pH值对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程影响显著,适宜pH值为3。U(Ⅵ)在微球上的吸附量随着吸附时间的增加而增大,初始阶段(1.5 h)反应进行得很快,9 h时达到吸附平衡。当U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10mg/L时,其饱和吸附量为2.64mg/g。准二级动力方程很好地拟合了吸附动力学数据,且R2>0.99。吸附率与温度呈正相关,Lang-muir与Freundlich吸附等温方程均能较好地拟合固定化微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程(R2>0.99),但Freundlich等温线效果更好。吸附反应中ΔG<0,ΔH>0且小于40 kJ/mol,ΔS>0,这表明吸附过程能自发进行,为吸热反应。     

Selective binding of uranyl cation by a novel calmodulin peptide

A 33-amino acid peptide corresponding to the helix-loop-helix motif of the calcium binding site I of the protein calmodulin from Paramecium Tetraurelia has been synthesized its binding properties with heavy metal ions have been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that two mutations of two aspartic acid residues in the peptide sequence gave access to a new peptide, which was selective for the uranyl ion UO₂ ²⁺. This new peptide can be useful for the development of selective uranyl biosensors to monitor the presence of uranium in contaminated environments.     

不溶性腐殖酸对U(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学和吸附热力学

以不溶性腐殖酸(Insolubilized Humic Acid,IHA)为吸附剂,去除废水中的U(Ⅵ).通过静态吸附试验,考察了pH值、时间、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度和温度等对吸附的影响,分析了吸附过程的动力学、热力学及等温吸附规律,并用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了吸附机理.结果表明:35℃下1.4 g/L的IHA在pH值为5时对10 mg/LU(Ⅵ)的去除率可达99.37％;IHA对U(Ⅵ)的吸附是自发的、放热的反应,符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,决定系数达0.99以上;吸附动力学过程符合准二级吸附速率方程,决定系数为1;IHA吸附U(Ⅵ)后表面形态发生了变化,与U(Ⅵ)相互作用的基团主要是羧基和酚羟基,综合看来,IHA吸附U(Ⅵ)的机理表现为离子交换.     

“U+L”型通风综采工作面采空区漏风特性研究

为了掌握“U+L”型通风综采工作面采空区的漏风规律,以某矿综采工作面为试验地点,先采用Fluent软件对综采工作面采空区的漏风流场进行了数值模拟,后结合数值模拟结果制定了综采工作面示踪气体SF6的测漏风技术方案,并现场实测了“U+L”型综采工作面采空区的漏风风流分布特征.数值模拟结果与现场实测结果十分吻合.结果表明:1)“U+L”型综采工作面全程向采空区漏风,漏风汇至滞后联络巷后经专用排瓦斯巷排出;2)“U+L”型综采工作面漏风量随联络巷距离工作面距离增大而逐渐降低;3)“U+L”型综采工作面漏风量沿工作面倾向方向(从进风至回风)呈逐渐减少趋势.