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101.
102.
Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Christine Loos Tobias Wagner Heidrun Karl Jean Charles Munch Reiner Schroll 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):177-185
A recently designed two-chamber-lysimeter-test-system allows the detailed investigation of degradation, transport and transfer
processes of 14C-labeled substances in soil–plant–atmosphere-systems under outdoor conditions. With this test system it is feasible to distinguish
between 14C-emissions from soil surfaces and 14C-emissions from plant surfaces in soil monoliths under real environmental conditions. Special soil humidity sensors allow
the measurement of soil water content near to the soil surface, in 1 and 5 cm depth. The behavior of organic chemicals can
be followed for a whole vegetation period and a mass balance for the applied chemical can be established. Some selected results
of the herbicides isoproturon and glyphosate – using the two-chamber-lysimeter-test-system – are presented to demonstrate
its applicability for the identification and quantification of the processes that govern pesticide behavior in soil–plant-systems.
Mineralization of 14C-isoproturon was very different in four different soils; the mineralization capacity of the soils ranged from 2 to 60%. Leaching
of isoproturon in general was very low, but depending on the soil type and environmental conditions isoproturon and its metabolites
could be leached via preferential flow, especially shortly after application. For the herbicide 14C-glyphosate no accumulation of residues in the soil and no leaching of the residues to deeper soil layers could be observed
after three applications. Glyphosate was rapidly degraded to AMPA in the soil. Glyphosate and AMPA were accumulated in soy
bean nodules. 相似文献
103.
PAH Metabolites in Bile Fluids of Dab (Limanda limanda) and Flounder (Platichthys flesus): Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Changes (7 pp) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kammann U 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):102-108
Background, Aim and Scope
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important environmental contaminants which may lead to increased levels of neoplastic
aberrations or tumours in fish liver. Therefore, monitoring of PAH and their effects are part of several international environmental
programmes. The aim of the present field study was to investigate the concentrations of the PAH metabolites in fish bile,
to elucidate spatial, seasonal and species differences as well as to discuss different strategies of normalisation with regard
to environmental monitoring.
Materials and Methods:
PAH metabolites were determined in the bile fluid of dab (Limanda limanda) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught in the
North Sea and Baltic Sea between 1997 and 2004. After enzymatic deconjugation, two metabolites were determined by means of
HPLC. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were calculated. The accuracy of the method was tested with a
standard reference material. Results were referred to bile volume as well as to biliverdin.
Results:
The main metabolite, 1-hydroxypyrene, was determined in concentrations from <0.7 to 838 ng/ml in bile of dab (Limanda limanda)
and flounder (Platichthys flesus) caught between 1997 and 2004. The values for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene in fish bile were considerably
lower (<0.4 – 87 ng/ml). Significant differences in the 1-hydroxypyrene levels were found between summer and winter surveys
as well as between the sampling sites in the data set from 2004 (383 dabs and 62 flounders): Highest levels of PAH contamination
were found in dab from the German Bight and in flounder from the Baltic Sea.
Discussion:
Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations between North Sea and Baltic Sea were discussed, as well as differences
in relation to season, sex and species. Three parameters of normalisation (biliary protein, biliverdin and bile pigments)
were discussed. Biliverdin was identified as a suitable parameter for the normalisation of PAH metabolites in field samples.
Conclusions:
Spatial differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations of dab demonstrate the usefulness of PAH metabolites in fish bile as
a monitoring parameter in marine regions. Significant differences in 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were found between summer
and winter sampling campaigns. This may be linked to an annual cycle of 1-hydroxyprene in dab. It is also possible that bile
synthesis/release in dab differs between the seasons. There is no indication for a time trend from 1997 to 2004.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
It is recommended to relate PAH metabolites in fish bile to biliverdin concentrations. Although the concentrations are low
in offshore regions and bile volumes are small, the method presented here allows one to measure PAH metabolites on an individual
level which is a crucial prerequisite for meaningful monitoring studies. 相似文献
104.
Tagungsankündigungen
COMPRENDO Summa Summarum — Abschlusstagung des EU-Projektes COMPRENDO am 17. M?rz 2006 in Frankfurt am Main 相似文献105.
Kathrin Baumann Harald Maurer Gabriele Rau Martin Piringer Ulrike Pechinger Andr Prvt Markus Furger Bruno Neininger Umberto Pellegrini 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2001,35(36):897
During the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) special observation period (SOP) between 7 September and 15 November 1999, ground-based and airborne measurements have been conducted in the Rhine valley south of the Lake of Constance to investigate the unstationary aspects of Foehn and related phenomena, like the impact of Foehn on the ozone concentrations in the valley. Foehn events occurred with above-average frequency and high diversity. Foehn induced ozone peaks in October and November are found to be much lower than the September Foehn case of the period. An inversion layer in the lake area with ozone concentrations below 10 ppb often shields the monitoring stations from the Foehn air aloft. Trajectory calculations for the Foehn period between 19 and 24 October 1999 reveal that the Foehn air originated from below 1 to 1.5 km above the Po Basin and the Mediterranean Sea. Tethered balloon soundings in the source area south of the Alps, ozone measurements at the mountain station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) and airborne measurements across the Alpine crests reveal that the ozone levels found in the Foehn air correspond to the concentrations just above the mixing height in the Po Basin and are transported across the Alpine crest within the lowest flow layer. 相似文献