环渤海地区2,4,4'-三氯联苯的多介质归趋模拟

为探究多氯联苯(PCBs)在环渤海地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究以2,4,4′-三氯联苯(PCB28)为目标污染物,基于区域尺度多介质城乡逸度模型,模拟了稳态条件下PCB28在各环境相中的浓度分布、总量分配以及相间迁移过程,并对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了敏感性和不确定性分析.结果表明,PCB28在淡水、农村土壤、城市土壤和沉积物中的模拟浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性.PCB28在城市土壤中的浓度最大,浓度均值为5.26×10~(-6) mol·m~(-3),在农村大气中的浓度最小,浓度均值为5.79×10~(-14) mol·m~(-3).当环境系统达到平衡时,土壤是PCB28最主要的"汇",占其在环境中总储量的96.45%.大气相与其他环境相间的相互迁移过程是PCB28在环渤海地区进行空间迁移的主导过程.大气传输是PCB28最主要的入海途径,从农村大气到海水的迁移通量占总入海通量的97.22%.参数敏感性分析结果表明PCB28排放速率、栅格规模及与迁移速率相关的参数是影响大气相中PCB28浓度的关键参数.不确定性分析结果表明PCB28在农村大气和城市大气中的浓度分布都符合对数正态分布,其变异系数分别为0.44和0.41.     

Urban and rural transport of semivolatile organic compounds at regional scale: A multimedia model approach

Urban areas are generally regarded as major sources of some semivolatile organic compounds and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs) to the surrounding regions. Huge differences in contaminant emissions between urban and rural areas directly affect their fate in environmental media. Little is known about POPs behavior between urban and rural areas at a regional scale. A spatially resolved Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural Fate Model(BETR-UR) was designed by coupling land cover information to simulate the transport of POPs between urban and rural areas, and the Bohai Rim was used as a case study to estimate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(PAH) fate. The processes of contaminant fate including emission, inter-compartmental transfer, advection and degradation in urban and rural areas were simulated in the model. Simulated PAH concentrations in environmental media of urban and rural areas were very close to measured values. The model accuracy was highly improved, with the average absolute relative error for PAH concentrations reduced from 37% to 3% compared with unimproved model results. PAH concentrations in urban soil and air were considerably higher than those in rural areas. Sensitivity analysis showed temperature was the most influential parameter for Phen rather than for Bap, whose fate was more influenced by emission rate, compartment dimension, transport velocity and chemical persistence. Uncertainty analysis indicated modeled results in urban media had higher uncertainty than those in rural areas due to larger variations of emissions in urban areas. The differences in urban and rural areas provided us with valuable guidance on policy setting for urban–rural POP control.     

六溴环十二烷在环境中迁移转化的研究进展

六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)是一类环境中广泛存在的有机污染物。它性质稳定,不易被降解,能够在环境中长期积累、迁移和转化,具有较强的生物蓄积毒性。对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点,报道越来越多。文章介绍了HBCDs的物理化学性质、分析方法、概述了近几年六溴环十二烷的环境行为及其迁移转化的研究动态,同时讨论并展望了我国HBCDs未来的研究方向。     

HERBICIDES AND DEGRADATES IN SHALLOW AQUIFERS OF ILLINOIS: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TRENDS1

ABSTRACT: During the fall of 2000, the occurrence was examined of 16 herbicides and 13 herbicide degradates in samples from 55 wells in shallow aquifers underlying grain producing regions of Illinois. Herbicide compounds with concentrations above 0.05 μg/L were detected in 56 percent of the samples. No concentrations exceeded regulatory drinking water standards. The six most frequently detected compounds were degradates. Water age was an important factor in determining vulnerability of ground water to transport of herbicide compounds. Unconsolidated aquifers, which were indicated to generally contain younger ground water than bedrock aquifers, had a higher occurrence of herbicides (73 percent of samples) than bedrock aquifers (22 percent). Temporal analysis to determine if changes in concentrations of selected herbicides and degradates could be observed over a near decadal period indicated a decrease in detection frequency (25 to 18 percent) between samplings in 1991 and 2000. Over this period, significant differences in concentrations were observed for atrazine (decrease) and total acetochlor (increase). The increase in acetochlor compound concentrations corresponds to an increase in acetochlor use during the study period, while the decrease in atrazine concentrations corresponds to relatively consistent use of atrazine. Changes in frequency of herbicide detection and concentration do not appear related to changes in land use near sampled wells.     

Toxicity Evaluation with the Microtox Test to Assess the Impact of In Situ Oiled Shoreline Treatment Options: Natural Attenuation and Sediment Relocation

Changes in the toxicity levels of beach sediment, nearshore water, and bottom sediment samples were monitored with the Microtox^® Test to evaluate the two in situ oil spill treatment options of natural attenuation (natural recovery--no treatment) and sediment relocation (surf washing). During a series of field trials, IF-30 fuel oil was intentionally sprayed onto the surface of three mixed sediment (pebble and sand) beaches on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway (78°56^′ N, 16°45^′ E). At a low wave-energy site (Site 1 with a 3-km wind fetch), where oil was stranded within the zone of normal wave action, residual oil concentrations and beach sediment toxicity levels were significantly reduced by both options in less than five days. At Site 3, a higher wave-energy site with a 40-km wind fetch, oil was intentionally stranded on the beach face in the upper intertidal/supratidal zones, above the level of normal wave activity. At this site under these experimental conditions, sediment relocation was effective in accelerating the removal of the oil from the sediments and reducing the Microtox^® Test toxicity response to background levels. In the untreated (natural attenuation) plot at this site, the fraction of residual oil remaining within the beach sediments after one year (70%) continued to generate a toxic response. Chemical and toxicological analyses of nearshore sediment and sediment-trap samples at both sites confirmed that oil and suspended mineral fines were effectively dispersed into the surrounding environment by the in situ treatments. In terms of secondary potential detrimental effects from the release of stranded oil from the beaches, the toxicity level (Microtox^® Test) of adjacent nearshore sediment samples did not exceed the Canadian regulatory limit for dredged spoils destined for ocean disposal.     

螺-草水质净化系统氮素环境归趋的实验研究

通过构建螺-草模拟系统并利用稳定同位素示踪技术研究池塘螺-草水质净化系统中氮素的环境归趋,结果表明,以底泥为基质的螺-草系统中,实验结束后苦草湿重增加了580%,分株数增加了6.6株,苦草根部吸收储存了1.07%的15N,苦草茎叶吸收储存了7.74%的15N,环棱螺吸收储存较少,只占0.06%,底泥滞留了5.73%的15N.结果分析表明：螺-草水质净化系统中苦草对水体中溶解态氮的吸收较少,沉积物是苦草生长的主要营养源;水体中氨氮主要通过沉积物-水界面进行迁移转化,大部分被苦草根系吸收利用转化为生物体,少部分通过硝化/反硝化作用去除,其余则滞留于沉积物;苦草是系统中氮素去除的最终载体,环棱螺的存在通过促进苦草生长及加强泥-水界面硝化和反硝化作用来加快系统中氮素的去除.因此,在养殖的不同阶段合理配置螺-草结构是整个养殖过程中水质调控的关键.     

NPEOs及其代谢产物在城市污水处理厂中的归趋分析

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)是一种常见的表面活性剂,但其代谢产物壬基酚(NP)等具有内分泌干扰特性,因此引起了人们的广泛关注.以NPEOs及其代谢产物作为研究对象,综述了它们在城市污水处理厂中的浓度水平和迁移转化规律,并探讨了城市污水处理厂中影响NPEOs及其代谢产物去除效率的因素.结果表明,NPEOs及其代谢产物在污水处理厂的进水中普遍存在,其浓度水平与季节、地理位置、生活习惯等有关;在污水处理过程中,NPEOs及其代谢产物的去除效率与工艺及运行参数有关.NPEOs及其代谢产物的归趋包括生物降解、被污泥吸附和存留在出水中,内分泌干扰物质(如NP和NPECs等)在污水处理过程中被生成,并随出水和污泥进入环境,可为城市污水处理厂构建安全转化的控制技术系统提供科学依据.     

Assessing BMP Effectiveness and Guiding BMP Planning Using Process‐Based Modeling

There is an increasing need for improved process‐based planning tools to assist watershed managers in the selection and placement of effective best management practices (BMPs). In this article, we present an approach, based on the Water Erosion Prediction Project model and a pesticide transport model, to identify dominant hydrologic flow paths and critical source areas for a variety of pollutant types. We use this approach to compare the relative impacts of BMPs on hydrology, erosion, sediment, and pollutant delivery within different landscapes. Specifically, we focus on using this approach to understand what factors promoted and/or hindered BMP effectiveness at three Conservation Effects Assessment Project watersheds: Paradise Creek Watershed in Idaho, Walnut Creek Watershed in Iowa, and Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed in Missouri. These watersheds were first broken down into unique land types based on soil and topographic characteristics. We used the model to assess BMP effectiveness in each of these land types. This simple process‐based modeling approach provided valuable insights that are not generally available to planners when selecting and locating BMPs and helped explain fundamental reasons why long‐term improvement in water quality of these three watersheds has yet to be completely realized.     

Transport and dynamics of toxic pollutants in the natural environment and their effect on human health: research gaps and challenge

The source–pathway–receptor (SPR) approach to human exposure and risk assessment contains considerable uncertainty when using the refined modelling approaches to pollutant transport and dispersal, not least in how compounds of concern might be prioritised, proxy or indicator substances identified and the basic environmental and toxicological data collected. The impact of external environmental variables, urban systems and lifestyle is still poorly understood. This determines exposure of individuals and there are a number of methods being developed to provide more reliable spatial assessments. Within the human body, the dynamics of pollutants and effects on target organs from diffuse, transient sources of exposure sets ambitious challenges for traditional risk assessment approaches. Considerable potential exists in the application of, e.g. physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The reduction in uncertainties associated with the effects of contaminants on humans, transport and dynamics influencing exposure, implications of adult versus child exposure and lifestyle and the development of realistic toxicological and exposure data are all highlighted as urgent research needs. The potential to integrate environmental with toxicological models provides the next phase of research opportunity and should be used to drive empirical and model assessments.     

上海城区多环芳烃的多介质归趋模拟研究

利用城市多介质逸度模型模拟了稳态假设下上海城区16种PAHs在大气、水体、沉积物和植物等中的浓度分布,与实测值进行对比,并根据模拟结果计算了相间迁移通量.结果表明,大气直接排放输入是PAHs进入环境的主要途径,迁移过程包括扩散、沉降和侵蚀等,平流输出是其在系统中损失的主要途径;土壤和沉积物是PAHs主要的汇(占94.4%),其在不透水层上覆盖的膜中浓度达到最大(156g/m3),PAHs在沉积物和土壤中停留时间最长;随着环数的增加, PAHs在水体、植被和土壤中的降解损失所占比例从2.3%逐渐增加至48.9%,而在大气中的降解损失则从91.5%减少至4.0%.模型计算浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,并通过灵敏度分析,确定了模型的关键参数.