应用形状记忆合金-橡胶复合支座的结构隔震

对橡胶支座存在的问题进行了分析，介绍了SMA-橡胶复合支座的基本构造和工作原理，建立了设置不同支座的单自由度结构的运动方程。应用大型有限元软件ANSYS对分别设置固定支座、普通叠层橡胶支座和形状记忆合金（SMA）-橡胶复合支座这3种不同支承条件的结构进行了，单向地震作用下的隔震仿真模拟，及节点位移和加速度的时程分析。分析表明，SMA-橡胶复合支座和普通叠层橡胶支座都能有效地减小结构的位移和加速度反应，而SMA-橡胶复合支座比普通叠层橡胶支座能更有效地减小结构的绝对位移反应，防止因隔震层位移过大而导致支座失稳。     

Importance of dispersal routes that minimize open‐ocean movement to the genetic structure of island populations

Islands present a unique scenario in conservation biology, offering refuge yet imposing limitations on insular populations. The Kimberley region of northwestern Australia has more than 2500 islands that have recently come into focus as substantial conservation resources. It is therefore of great interest for managers to understand the driving forces of genetic structure of species within these island archipelagos. We used the ubiquitous bar‐shouldered skink (Ctenotus inornatus) as a model species to represent the influence of landscape factors on genetic structure across the Kimberley islands. On 41 islands and 4 mainland locations in a remote area of Australia, we genotyped individuals across 18 nuclear (microsatellite) markers. Measures of genetic differentiation and diversity were used in two complementary analyses. We used circuit theory and Mantel tests to examine the influence of the landscape matrix on population connectivity and linear regression and model selection based on Akaike's information criterion to investigate landscape controls on genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation between islands was best predicted with circuit‐theory models that accounted for the large difference in resistance to dispersal between land and ocean. In contrast, straight‐line distances were unrelated to either resistance distances or genetic differentiation. Instead, connectivity was determined by island‐hopping routes that allow organisms to minimize the distance of difficult ocean passages. Island populations of C. inornatus retained varying degrees of genetic diversity (N_A = 1.83 – 7.39), but it was greatest on islands closer to the mainland, in terms of resistance‐distance units. In contrast, genetic diversity was unrelated to island size. Our results highlight the potential for islands to contribute to both theoretical and applied conservation, provide strong evidence of the driving forces of population structure within undisturbed landscapes, and identify the islands most valuable for conservation based on their contributions to gene flow and genetic diversity.     

北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物化学组分特性

为探究北京市道路雨水径流溶解性有机物（DOM）的化学特性,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱及红外光谱技术,对北京市不同交通密度道路雨水径流溶解性有机物的化学组分进行分析.结果表明,北京市道路雨水径流DOM以疏水性组分为主,且主要为疏水中性组分.道路雨水径流DOM亲水性组分主要由类芳香蛋白物质组成,疏水性组分除含大量类芳香蛋白物质外,还含有大量类富里酸物质.道路雨水径流DOM疏水性组分的芳香化程度较高、腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分与之相反.道路雨水径流DOM酸性组分中含异构化的羧基和苯环等官能团,碱性组分和中性组分中多含醚键、酯基、酚类和醇类等官能团.交通密度对道路雨水径流DOM化学组分的物质组成、特性等无明显影响,仅影响各化学组分中的物质含量;交通密度越大,各化学组分中物质的含量越多和芳香化程度越高,腐殖化程度越低.     

The future of sustainability in the context of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis emanating both from a virus (SARS-CoV-2) and from the drastic actions to contain it. Here, we reflect on the immediate responses of most world powers amid the pandemic chaos: totalitarian surveillance and nationalist isolation. Drawing on published literature, we consider measures such as wildlife-use bans, lockdowns and travel restrictions, along with their reverberations for people, economies and the planet. Our synthesis highlights significant shortfalls of applying command-and-control tactics in emergencies. For one, heavy-handed bans risk enormous unintended consequences and tend to fail if they lack legitimacy or clash with people’s values. Furthermore, reactive and myopic strategies typically view the pandemic as a stand-alone crisis, rather than unravelling the complex interplay of nature-society interactions through which zoonotic diseases originate. A return to adaptive management approaches that recognise root causes and foster socio-ecological resilience will be essential to improve human and planetary health and mitigate future pandemics.     

PCBs降解菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法从多氯联苯(PCBs)污染土壤中筛选到1株高效降解PCBs的细菌,命名为PS-11.经16S rDNA初步鉴定,此菌株属于嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia).结果表明,菌株PS-11能够以PCBs作为唯一碳源生长并且能够降解PCBs,菌株PS-11对2 mg.L-1PCB52 4 d的降解率为31.1%,7 d的降解率可达52.9%;对难降解的高氯代多氯联苯PCB153 7 d的降解率为10.9%.此外,该菌株的环境耐受性比较好,在30℃、pH为7～9、PCB52浓度为2～10 mg.L-1的条件下生长较快、降解效果较好,尤其在pH 7、PCB52浓度为2 mg.L-1时降解率最高;碳源种类不同,菌株PS-11的生长能力也不同,其中在以蔗糖为碳源时PS-11的生长能力最强,以葡萄糖为碳源时PS-11的适应期最短,且蔗糖、葡萄糖和Tween-80均可提高PS-11对PCB52的降解率;同时菌株PS-11还可耐受一定浓度的重金属,其耐受性大小为Pb2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Cu2+.     

甘肃党参中蛋白质的提取分析

实验采用盐溶法提取甘肃党参中蛋白质,用饱和(NH4) 2SO4溶液进行分级盐析、透析、浓缩后用SDS- PAGE分析,测定不同提取液中主要蛋白质的分子量.结果表明,用pH为6.0的PB缓冲液提取并用饱和度在60％以上的(NH4)2SO4溶液盐析时蛋白提取效果最好;经SDS- PAGE电泳后,初步鉴定出所提取党参蛋白质亚基中最大分子量为68885Da,最小分子量为15570Da.     

皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌株DX-T3-01的耐镉性能及镉富集机理

从江西德兴铜矿土壤中分离筛选到一株具有较强耐镉(Cd)能力的细菌DX-T3-01,经生理生态及16S rRNA分析进行鉴定,研究其对不同浓度Cd2+的耐受特性及对重金属Zn2+、Cu2+、Ni2+的耐受性,进一步利用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和红外光谱(FTIR)探讨菌株对Cd2+累积去除的机理.经鉴定,耐镉细菌DX-T3-01为皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii);Cd2+最高耐受浓度(MTC)为16 mmol L-1,最低抑制浓度(MIC)为4 mmol L-1,并可耐受一定浓度的Zn2+、Cu2+;菌体积累Cd2+后细胞表面有沉淀物附着并有镉元素检出,对Cd2+的累积主要依靠细胞壁上—PO43-、胺基中的—C—N—、—M—O(O—M—O)、C=O和酰胺基(—CO—NH—)基团.图5参16     

中国红豆杉内生放线菌En-1的分离、鉴定及其次生代谢物的研究

采用选择性分离方法对药用植物红豆杉Taxus chinensis嫩枝和叶进行内生菌分离,得到一株放线菌En-1,经鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces sp.;并对该菌进行液体培养条件优化、次生代谢物初筛及其抗菌活性的研究。通过添加宿主植物浸出物至En-1液体培养中以考察宿主对后者生长的影响,结果表明红豆杉叶浸出物能促进En-1的体外生长;而且En-1次生代谢物对5株供试菌中的黑曲霉具有抑制活性。通过En-1菌培养基优化并联合波谱法检测其发酵产物,显示8#配方（淀粉25 g.L-1,KNO3 1 g.L-1,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.5 g.L-1,NaCl 0.5 g.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O 0.01 g.L-1,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5 g.L-1）培养液中,En-1所产的次生代谢物最具结构多样性;同时8#配方也有利于该菌产生抗菌活性产物。本研究提示红豆杉内生放线菌可作为寻求药物先导化合物的资源菌。     

具菲降解特性植物内生细菌的分离筛选及其生物学特性

从长期受石油污染的植物体内分离到内生细菌36株,通过平皿促生和定殖试验筛选出1株能高效降解菲并明显促进小麦生长、能在小麦体内良好定殖的内生细菌7J2菌株.同时,对菌株7J2的生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,菌株7J2在菲含量为30 mg·L-1的条件下,28℃振荡培养6d,菲的降解率达到99.81%.菌株7J2能够产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)(3.4±0.2)mg·L-1)和铁载体(2,3-二羟基苯甲酸)(4.3±1.6) mg·L-1).振荡培养3d,接活菌的培养基中有效磷浓度比接灭活菌的处理增加了32.5%.另外,菌株7J2对重金属Pb2 、Cr2 、Cu2 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Cd2 均有较强的抗性.通过16SrDNA序列测定,菌株7J2属于肠杆菌属.