区域农田畜禽承载量预测模型构建与应用:以赤峰市为例

为对区域现有生猪养殖数量的合理性进行评价及对生猪养殖承载量进行预测,从畜禽养殖-耕地-作物系统出发,基于农田养分平衡理论及有机和无机肥合理配施方法,构建区域农田畜禽承载量预测模型。以赤峰市为例,设定有机和无机肥配施比例为5∶5,并保持现有农田N或P2O5养分盈余量不变,分别基于N和P2O5养分盈余量不变实地应用该模型。结果表明,基于N时可新增生猪养殖数量43.6万头,承载量为630.8万头;基于P2O5时可新增生猪养殖数量369.3万头,承载量为1 041.3万头。位于西拉木伦河南岸的松山区、翁牛特旗、喀喇沁旗、宁城县和敖汉旗是可新增生猪养殖的主要区域。从环境压力角度考虑,推荐基于N的预测值作为计算赤峰市可新增生猪养殖量和承载量的依据。     

Livestock mortality in pastoralist herds in Ethiopia and implications for drought response

Participatory epidemiology methods were employed retrospectively in three pastoralist regions of Ethiopia to estimate the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought. The results showed that starvation/dehydration accounted for between 61.5 and 100 per cent of excess livestock mortality during drought, whereas disease‐related mortality accounted for between 0 and 28.1 per cent of excess mortality. Field observations indicate that, in livestock, disease risks and mortality increase in the immediate post‐drought period, during rain. The design of livelihoods‐based drought response programmes should include protection of core livestock assets, and it should take account of the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought and immediately afterwards. This study shows that, when comparing livestock feed supplementation and veterinary support, relatively more aid should be directed at the former if the objective is to protect core livestock during drought. Veterinary support should consider disease‐related mortality in the immediate post‐drought period, and tailor inputs accordingly.     

The livestock production system in a village ecosystem in the Rawain Valley,Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya

Animals in the Himalayan region are reared basically to supplement the family income and sustain crop production, and constitute an important component of the rural economy of the region. Given the ecological importance of the livestock production system in terms of intrinsic values as a life support system for local people and a contribution towards sustainable agriculture through its role in the maintenance of soil fertility, the present study was conducted. This paper describes and assesses the current status of livestock production systems, monetary input/output, status of available forest resources, current level of pressure on the livestock production system and recommends strategies for sustainable development of a livestock production system in the Rawain Valley of Central Himalaya.     

Changes in Avian and Plant Communities of Aspen Woodlands over 12 Years after Livestock Removal in the Northwestern Great Basin

Abstract: Riparian and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodlands are centers of avian abundance and diversity in the western United States, but they have been affected adversely by land use practices, particularly livestock grazing. In 1990, cattle were removed from a 112,500‐ha national wildlife refuge in southeastern Oregon. Thereafter, we monitored changes in vegetation and bird abundance in years 1–3 (phase 1) and 10–12 (phase 2) in 17 riparian and 9 snow‐pocket aspen plots. On each 1.5‐ha plot, we sampled vegetation in 6 transects. Three times during each breeding season, observers recorded all birds 50 m to each side of the plot's 150‐m centerline for 25 minutes. We analyzed data with multivariate analysis of variance and paired t tests with p values adjusted for multiple comparisons. In both periods, riparian and snow‐pocket aspen produced extensive regeneration of new shoots ( stems/ha and 7079 stems/ha, respectively). By phase 2, a 64% increase in medium‐diameter trees in riparian stands indicated successful recruitment into the overstory, but this pattern was not seen in snow‐pocket stands, where the density of trees was over 2 times greater. By phase 2 in riparian and snow‐pocket stands, native forb cover had increased by 68% and 57%, respectively, mesic shrub cover had increased by 29% and 58%, and sagebrush cover had decreased by 24% and 31%. Total avian abundance increased by 33% and 39% in riparian and snow‐pocket aspen, respectively, ground or understory nesters increased by 133% and 67% and overstory nesters increased by 34% and 33%. Similarly, ground or understory foragers increased by 25% and 32%, aerial foragers by 55% and 57%, and overstory foragers by 66% and 43%. We interpreted the substantial regeneration of aspen shoots, increased densities of riparian forbs and shrubs, and increased avian abundances as a multitrophic‐level response to the total removal of livestock and as substantial movement toward recovery of biological integrity.     

畜禽养殖业污染状况及管理对策

分析了畜禽养殖业对农村环境污染的严重性,阐述了畜禽粪便的综合利用途径,提出了防止畜禽养殖污染的管理对策和措施。     

浅议规模化畜禽养殖业的污染防治对策

以规模化畜禽养殖业为调查对象,主要调查统计了蛋鸡、肉鸡、猪、肉牛、奶牛、羊。根据调查和数据统计,掌握了鞍山市规模化畜禽养殖业的特点及规模化畜禽养殖业污染物的排放量,并以此提出了污染防治对策。     

中国畜牧业全生命周期温室气体排放时空特征分析

运用生命周期评价方法,选取家畜胃肠道发酵、粪便管理系统、畜禽饲养环节耗能、饲料粮种植、饲料粮运输加工和畜禽产品屠宰加工6大环节,采用面板数据测算和分析1990~2011年中国及2011年国内各地区畜牧业温室气体排放特征.研究表明,22年间,中国畜牧业全生命周期及各个环节的CO2当量排放量均呈现上升趋势,尤其是畜禽饲养耗能、饲料粮种植、饲料粮运输加工和畜禽屠宰加工环节的增长更为显著,但历年饲料粮运输加工和畜禽屠宰加工环节占畜牧业全生命周期CO2当量排放总量的比重均低于1%和0.05%;家畜胃肠道发酵和粪便管理系统环节占畜牧业全生命周期CO2当量排放总量的比重呈下降趋势;22年间,反刍家畜的CO2当量排放量占55.25%,非反刍畜禽占44.75%.2011年,国内省域间内蒙古、辽宁和云南的畜牧业全生命周期CO2排放当量和排放强度均位居全国前10位;西部地区畜牧业全生命周期CO2当量排放量所占比重最大,并且西部地区的排放强度最高;农区畜牧业全生命周期CO2当量排放量占63.88%,牧区占14.07%,但牧区的排放强度最高,农区最低.     

畜禽养殖污染减排组合处理技术研究进展

针对农村畜禽养殖种类多、地域广、规模大所造成的畜禽污染物产生以及收集方式多样,单一的处理技术无法满足养殖污染物控制要求的问题,对畜禽养殖污染减排组合处理技术进行了综述。     

畜禽废弃物处理对规模养殖环境效率的影响

以蛋鸡为例,利用我国5个鸡蛋主产省份蛋鸡规模养殖户的调研数据,从蛋鸡粪便处理的角度采用Super-SBM模型和分位数回归相结合的方法实证分析了蛋鸡规模养殖环境效率及其影响因素.结果表明:蛋鸡规模养殖环境效率低于技术效率,且环境效率存在区域差异;养殖过程中仍然存在投入冗余和期望产出不足、非期望产出过剩的现象;机械化、高频率清粪有利于蛋鸡规模养殖环境效率保持在较高水平,而粪便利用方式对蛋鸡养殖环境效率并没有持续的显著影响;我国所推行的规模化、标准化养殖有利于提升蛋鸡养殖环境效率.     

关中平原畜禽粪便重金属农用风险估算

通过在关中平原畜禽养殖集中的县区采集畜禽粪便和饲料样品,测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,以评估施用畜禽粪便造成的土壤重金属累积速率和安全使用年限.结果表明,牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪样品中Cr超标率分别为7.69%、4.35%和8.00%,而猪粪中Cu、Zn超标率分别达到76.00%和8.00%.饲料样品中Cu、Zn含量高于Cr、Pb含量,且与畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量呈极显著正相关关系,结合主成分分析可知,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn主要来源于饲料.形态分析结果显示,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的有效性很高,尤其是鸡粪中Cu、Zn的有效态含量最高.若畜禽粪便施用量保持在当前水平,则施用畜禽粪便24.4~131.0年和69.7~91.9年后,大棚土壤中Cu、Zn含量即可从土壤背景值分别达到安全临界值,因此,畜禽粪便农用时,不仅要控制其施用量,还应适当减少饲料中Cu、Zn添加量.