Application of recording films of solar radiation for environmental and ecological research

Global solar radiation is recorded by fading of the colored film into which azo-dye is impregnated with use of organic solvent. Oil Red O, Sudan I, Sudan IV and Pyridylazonaphthol are used as the azo dye. These films can be applied to measure the solar radiation in many kinds of environmental or ecological conditions. The merits of the film compared with usual measurements are to be: unnecessary of any electric sources; cheap and mass-productive easily; suitable to integrate solar radiation for long time; easy dealing in out-door or underwater conditions; possible to use on leaves of any plants because of light weight; possible to use in a lot of points at the same time.     

基于模糊相似优先比的供水管网渗漏同步诊断*

为加强城市供水管网渗漏诊断能力,采用基于模糊相似优先比的漏损判别方法实现供水管网漏损定位及漏损程度的同步诊断。通过MATLAB软件调用最新版EPANET V2.2建立供水管网模型,在管段中间加入扩散器模拟单次渗漏事件,通过更改扩散器系数实现渗漏量的控制;基于压力驱动水力分析得到各节点压力变化,遍历模拟各管段漏损后,通过建立节点压力灵敏度矩阵,采用K均值聚类法进行监测点布置;在此基础上,在易渗漏管段模拟产生不同渗漏级别的渗漏事件,以监测点压力变化值构建源范例库,在熵权法的基础上,采用模糊相似优先比方法同步诊断渗漏位置及渗漏程度。以某一实际管网为例,模拟产生50例历史渗漏事件,采用模糊相似优先比同步诊断新渗漏事件的渗漏位置及渗漏程度,并对比3种权重方法。结果表明:模糊相似优先比法可有效地实现渗漏定位与渗漏程度的同步诊断。     

工业温室气体CO2排放监测技术前期研究

介绍了国内外二氧化碳（ CO2）气体检测方法，选取红外传感器、非分散红外和气相色谱3种方法监测工业燃煤废气中的CO2。试验结果表明，3种方法的精密度和准确度均满足要求；单一燃煤废气中CO2的体积分数范围为6．70％～15．10％，同一排气筒中CO2体积分数5 min的波动范围为0～22．4％；同一排气筒（单一燃煤废气）中CO2和O2的体积分数有一定的关联性，二者之和基本稳定在19％～21％范围；非分散红外法和气相色谱法测定同一样品的相对偏差为0．9％～3．4％；红外传感器适用于有组织排放的现场监测，另2种方法适用于无组织废气和环境空气监测。     

Field Evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor

Passive alcohol sensors (PAS) are screening devices designed to sample nonintrusively the ambient air around a driver's mouth to determine the presence of alcohol. Studies have shown that PAS devices can aid police officers in the identification of unpaired drivers, particularly at sobriety checkpoints. Data from a 1996 nationwide survey, in which 5,392 drivers were evaluated for alcohol using both the PAS III (a passive sensor housed in a flashlight) and evidential breath test devices, have allowed the determination of appropriate criteria at various blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for detecting impaired drivers in the field. Using the appropriate criteria, the PAS III can identify about 75% of the drivers with BACs at or above 0.10%, and 70% at or above 0.08%. This is a vast improvement over the 40-50% detection rate currently achieved by police officers at checkpoints not using sensors. Using the PAS III few drivers would be identified inappropriately. At the criterion recommended for detecting BACs at or above 0.08%, about 14% of drivers with BACs of 0.02-0.05% would be incorrectly identified as having a higher BAC. Field studies have shown that when police officers rely on observation alone about 20% of drivers with low BACs are detained for further evaluation. More widespread use of passive sensors by police officers would aid in the detection of drinking drivers. Sensors also could provide an additional deterrent to the general public if they believe that when stopped by the police after drinking they will be detained for further evaluation.     

激励电压对汽车碰撞试验传感器输出的影响分析

碰撞试验中,假人及传感器组成数据采集系统的第一部分,输出的数据反映了冲击环境中模拟人体的生物力学响应。因此,最终的数据结果非常重要。传感器激励电压的不同,产生的热量也不同。碰撞试验中使用的传感器数量达200多个,因此假人体内会因激励电压产生较大的热量,从而产生温度误差,最终引起数据的不准确。因此,在碰撞试验中,要确保假人体内温度与标准符合;要求传感器标定电压与数据采集输入的激励电压一致。     

A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for water environmental monitoring

● A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for in-field detection. ● A universal colorimetric detection platform in the absorbance range of 400–700 nm. ● Six-fold improvement of sensitivity by introducing a transmission grating. ● Quantifying multiple water quality indexes simultaneously with high stability. The development of colorimetric analysis technologies for the commercial cellphone platform has attracted great attention in environmental monitoring due to the low cost, high versatility, easy miniaturization, and widespread ownership of cellphones. This work demonstrates a cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for quantifying multiple environmental contaminants simultaneously with high sensitivity and stability. To improve the sensitivity of the sensor, a delicate optical path system was created by using a diffraction grating to split six white beams transmitting through the multiple colored samples, which allows the cellphone CMOS camera to capture the diffracted light for image analysis. The proposed sensor is a universal colorimetric detection platform for a variety of environmental contaminants with the colorimetry assay in the range of 400–700 nm. By introducing the diffraction grating for splitting light, the sensitivity was improved by over six folds compared with a system that directly photographed transmitted light. As a successful proof-of-concept, the sensor was used to detect turbidity, orthophosphate, ammonia nitrogen and three heavy metals simultaneously with high sensitivity (turbidity: detection limit of 1.3 NTU, linear range of 5–400 NTU; ammonia nitrogen: 0.014 mg/L, 0.05–5 mg/L; orthophosphate: 0.028 mg/L, 0.1–10 mg/L; Cr (VI): 0.0069 mg/L, 0.01–0.5 mg/L; Fe: 0.025 mg/L, 0.1–2 mg/L; Zn: 0.032 mg/L, 0.05–2 mg/L) and reliability (relative standard deviations of six parallel measurements of 0.37%–1.60% and recoveries of 95.5%–106.0% in surface water). The miniature sensor demonstrated in-field sensing ability in environmental monitoring, which can be extended to point-of-care diagnosis and food safety control.     

压缩式压电传感器轴向灵敏度的幅值线性度问题

本文阐述了压电传感器的结构原理及其幅值灵敏度的线性度问题，为了减小测量误差，在使用时应当注意其幅值线性度。     

浊度传感器应用于连续监测污水厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度的研究

为使城市污水处理厂更合理高效的运营，可对进水悬浮颗粒浓度的实时监测来实现。通过对进水水样的悬浮颗粒浓度测量值与相应浊度值建立的关系曲线，达到对污水处理厂进水悬浮颗粒浓度（mg／L）的连续实时监测。文中给出了浊度传感器的校准方法，并建立浊度-悬浮颗粒浓度关系曲线，将其应用于某城市污水处理厂，得到单位时间进水悬浮颗粒总量的实时连续图。     

危险化学品生产储存运输安全监控系统研究与应用

提出了基于GIS、GPS、GPRS和无线传感网络技术的危险化学品生产储存运输安全监控系统结构及该系统的软件架构和功能设计,介绍了系统在大连某特种气体有限公司的应用情况。该系统利用无线传感网络技术对危险化学品生产储存场所进行实时监控预警,利用GPS和GPRS技术对运输车辆进行跟踪和监控,利用地理信息系统实现对危险化学品生产储存场所及运输车辆信息的查询检索、综合分析、动态管理等功能,从而为危险化学品储存场所安全监测提供科学依据,对抑制事故发生或减少事故伤损范围具有重要的现实意义。     

光纤FBG传感器实施大应变标定方法的探讨

针对钢管封装的大应变光纤光栅布拉格传感器的标定问题,设计了大应变试验加载平台,通过光纤光栅布拉格传感器对试验平台标定,确定了平台载荷与应变的比例系数K,按照等比加载实现了对光纤光栅布拉格传感器大于5000με的大应变标定。