基于水功能区纳污能力的攀枝花限制排污总量研究

实施水功能区限制纳污红线管理,控制陆域范围污染物排放总量,是保障水功能区水质达标的根本途径。针对现有水功能区划分及管理偏重考虑水体自然属性和完整性,缺乏与行政区划、陆域污染源分布的衔接,提出以水功能区划分成果为基础,综合考虑自然水系、行政区划、污染源分布情况的陆域控制单元划分方法,在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析建立水功能区与陆域控制单元的响应关系,制定基于水功能区纳污能力的陆域污染物限制排放总量方案。以攀枝花市河段为例,将攀枝花市划分为15个控制单元,19个控制子单元进行限制排污总量计算及分配,攀枝花全市COD、氨氮限制排放总量分别为17 437.6 t/a、1 866.0 t/a,与攀枝花市污染物总量控制规划成果基本一致。     

The Avoidance Responses of Daphnia magna to the Exposure of Organophosphorus Pesticides in an On-Line Biomonitoring System

In this study, avoidance behavior of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was used as indicator to assess the early stress of accidental organophosphorus pesticide (OP) contamination. The movement behavior was detected by a multi-species biomonitoring system. There was obvious concentration–response relationship between the OP stress and the behavioral response even at sublethal exposure. A rising OP stress resulted in a significant decrease of response time to escape (RTE; p<0.05). In comparison of different OPs, it was found that there was a power regression between RTE and the toxic unit of OPs. Therefore, the avoidance behavior of D. magna was a sensitive indicator of sublethal OP stress, and the power relationship could be used to predict the early warning thresholds of more OPs in the on-line biomonitoring system.     

基于数量视角的耕地保护政策绩效评价

耕地保护政策的绩效评价是我国粮食安全及土地调控的重要课题。本文基于数量保护的视角,采用数据包络分析法(DataEnvelopment Analysis,简称DEA)评价了我国2000-2007年的耕地保护政策绩效,测度对象主要为耕地总量动态平衡、土地用途管制、耕地执法监管政策。研究结果显示,耕地保护政策在数量保护上具有总体效率高(2002年除外)、规模效率递增或保持、纯技术效率高的表征,但是,规模效率、纯技术效率与总体效率不能很好拟合且三项效率的综合具有分层性,只有耕地总量动态平衡达到了最佳产出。进而得出结论:2000-2007年,耕地保护政策取得了耕地总量平衡、耕地基本数量维持、建设占用耕地趋缓、耕地违法减少的显著效果,然而,耕地保护政策绩效的年度差异、政策时滞及体制等影响因素的复杂、投入和产出的部分饱和亦表明绩效的不充分。为促进我国耕地保护政策绩效的提升,提出强化土地利用总体规划作用、建立耕地保护责任制度等建议,并对进一步研究作了展望。     

可拆卸式橇装增压集成装置在长庆油田中的应用

为了改善长庆油田增压点主要生产设备橇装增压集成装置加热区长时间运行易结垢、维护困难、检修成本高等问题,进行了"可拆卸式橇装增压集成装置"的研制工作。可拆卸式橇装增压集成装置的加热盘管和火筒可直接从装置端部抽出,在加热盘管和火筒遭到腐蚀或结垢破坏后,能够快速进行检修、维护或更换,有效延长了装置整体的使用寿命。"可拆卸式橇装增压集成装置"已在长庆油田得到推广应用。     

危险度评价法与蒙德法在焦化装置中的对比应用研究

通过危险度评价法与蒙德法评分项目的比较分析,得出危险度评价法中的压力、温度和操作参数,反映在蒙德法中,表现为特殊工艺危险性的评分项,这表明利用简单、直观的危险度评价法,在一定程度上,可以表征复杂单元的危险性大小,且与蒙德法的评价相一致.以焦化装置为例子,首先只针对压力、温度和操作三个参数,运用两种评价法分别进行评价,得出的结论相一致,验证了上述结论；然后分别用两种方法对焦化装置进行评价,分析对比结果,危险度评价法在参数选取和运行中,更加简单直观,可以为蒙德法提供装置各单元危险性高低的依据并缩小评价的范围.蒙德法是危险度评价的拓展与延伸,它将危险度评价法得出的危险性高的单元,更深入的找出导致危险性高的原因与参数.     

Evaluation of the impact on entomocoenosis of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790)

Several attempts for evaluating environmental impact of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae have been made, but very few studies were performed contemporaneously on more than one of them. Insects were chosen as indicators because they are known to react very quickly to environmental perturbations, mainly at the community level. In fact, the coenosis is the functional unit interacting with biotic and abiotic environmental parameters. Seven taxa, known for their sensitivity to habitat alterations, were sampled and grouped in functional groups: predators and parasitoids, phytophagouses and pollinators. The coenotic balance between these two functional groups was analyzed. The study was carried out in an organic olive orchard in the municipality of Terranova da Sibari, Cosenza, Southern Italy. The tested active agents (Azadirachtin, Rotenone, Copper Oxychloride) were sprayed twice (end of September and middle October). During the treatments the population dynamics of all the taxa were knocked-down. No one tested compound seems to be harmless to the entomocoenosis, particularly on phytophagouses and pollinators. In truly organic farming it is necessary to provide natural refuge areas to beneficial insects (i.e. pest antagonists) in which no active agents are sprayed and alternative preys could be found.     

一种基于斜坡单元的山区城镇地质灾害高危险坡段识别方法

地质灾害高危险坡段的识别对山区城镇防灾减灾具有重要意义。以山西省石楼县城区为例,采用层次分析法对石楼县城区斜坡开展地质灾害危险性评价,初步确定出14处高危险坡段。再利用Geostudio软件对初定的高危险坡段开展稳定性计算,进一步识别高危险坡段范围,最终将11处斜坡段内出现整体不稳定或局部不稳定的坡体定为高危险坡段。经过ROC数据曲线验证,识别出的11处地质灾害高危险坡段较为合理。该方法既弥补了GIS分析法缺少岩土体物理力学参数参与计算的不足,又缩减了逐坡段计算斜坡稳定性的分析时间,提高了高危险坡段的识别效率。     

Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

气态硫闪爆事故原因分析及对策

对处理硫磺回收装置高温掺合阀故障时发生的硫闪爆事故进行了分析,提出了相应的对策.