Adsorption of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid/sulfuric acid from their solution by weakly basic resin: equilibrium

Experiments for single and bisolute competitive adsorption were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid(NSA) and sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 ) from their solution at 25 ℃ onto weakly basic resin D301R. Adsorption affinity of sulfuric acid on D301R was found to be much higher than that of NSA. The data of single-solute adsorption were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich adsorption model. The ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST) coupled with the single-solute adsorption models were used to predict the bisolute competitive adsorption equilibria. The IAST coupled with the Langmuir and the Freundlich model for sulfuric acid and NSA, respectively, yields the favorable representation of the bisolute competitive adsorption behavior.     

固定化毛霉对工业和农田污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解和生物有效性评价

为了探讨微生物修复不同类型多环芳烃污染土壤的可行性,应用固定化毛霉对多环芳烃污染工业土壤及农田土壤进行微生物修复,用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)提取模拟评价多环芳烃的微生物可利用性,并分析多环芳烃微生物降解和生物可利用性的相关关系.焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为77.6%,沈抚灌区污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为54.2%,焦化厂土壤和污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃降解差异明显.焦化厂土壤和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解量和多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量具有相关性,各环数多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量变化解释了焦化厂和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃降解的差异机制,说明可用环糊精提取量预测微生物降解土壤多环芳烃的情况.     

Preparation and characterization of β-FeOOH-coated sand and its adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand. We investigated the key factors which affected the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, initial pH, initial Cr(VI) ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The uptake of Cr(VI) was very rapid and 44.3%, 51.6%, 58.9% of the adsorption happened during the first 180 minutes at 293K, 303K and 313K, respectively. The pseudo-second-order rate equation successfully described the adsorption kinetics. To study the adsorption isotherm, two equilibrium models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were adopted. At 293K, 303K and 313K, the adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir isotherm were 0.060, 0.070 and 0.076 mg Cr(VI) per gram of the adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as the change of energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated using the equilibrium constants. The negative value of ΔG0 and the positive value of ΔH0 showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand was spontaneous, endothermic and occurred by physisorption.     

β-环糊精包埋纳米零价铁对Cd~(2+)的去除性能研究

为提高纳米Fe0的稳定性,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,以β-环糊精为原料对纳米Fe0进行包埋。考察了碱度、交联剂用量对聚合物交联度的影响,对比研究了30%、40%Na OH介质对包埋纳米Fe0去除Cd2+反应活性的影响。利用SEM、TGA对包埋材料的表面形态及热稳定性进行了分析。实验结果表明:40%Na OH介质中交联包埋的纳米Fe0具有更高的反应活性;当Cd2+浓度为100 mg/L时,投加包埋材料3.0 g,反应150 min,Cd2+去除率可达98.9%;于空气中放置1个月,其对Cd2+去除率仍可达90.5%。     

海藻酸钠/β-环糊精固定化纳米Fe~0去除重金属的性能研究

针对纳米Fe0在空气中易被氧化的问题,应用海藻酸钠、β-环糊精对纳米Fe0进行协同固定化,考察了原料配比、交联剂浓度等对凝胶球性能的影响,并对固定化纳米Fe0材料的稳定性进行了考察。实验结果表明:以1.5%SA、0.5%β-CD为原料,4.0%Ca Cl2为交联剂制备的固定化纳米Fe0具有较高的反应活性;固定化Fe0对Pb2+的去除效率明显高于Cd2+,反应4 h,200 mg/L的Pb2+去除率可达99.3%,主要通过凝胶球与Fe0联合作用去除。该材料保存120 d后仍具有较高的反应活性。     

Liver and renal histopathology of North Atlantic long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) contaminated with heavy metals and organochlorine compounds

Long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) from the Faroe Islands are known to be heavily polluted with contaminants, such as mercury (Hg) and organochlorine compounds (OC). This is postulated to exert adverse health effects on whales as well as the human population who rely on its meat and blubber as food sources. It was therefore decided to conduct a screening pilot study to determine contaminant concentrations and histopathology of liver and renal tissues in a total of 14 specimens from this subpopulation. In blubber, the mean ∑OC concentration was 31,887 ng g^?1 lw (range: 18,170–47,425 ng g^?1 lw) of which ∑PCB concentration was 23,416 ng g^?1 lw (range: 13,947–34,543 ng g^?1 lw; n = 3). In liver, mean Hg concentration was 138 µg^?1 ww (range: 54–351 µg g^?1 ww; n = 7) and mean cadmium (Cd) concentration 15 µg g^?1 ww (range: 7–31 µg g^?1 ww; n = 7). In the kidney, the mean Cd concentration was 36 µg g^?1 ww (range: 23–47 µg g^?1 ww; n = 7). Of the liver Hg concentrations, two were at the suggested toxic threshold levels of 60 µg g^?1 ww and five were 2–6-fold above. Liver selenium (Se) : Hg was on average 1.11 (range: 0.97–1.41; n = 7) indicating that Se was in excess, which decreased the risk of acute Hg poisoning. Histopathological examinations showed high prevalence (>35%) of renal glomerular arteriosclerosis, glomerular capillary dilatation, dilatation and hyalinization of Bowman's space/capsule and tubular hyaline casts. In liver tissue, high prevalence was found for portal cell infiltrates, lipid granulomas, hepatocytic lipid accumulation, bile duct proliferation, lipid-filled Ito cells, and focal necrosis. In a single juvenile male, 4 of 8 renal and 3 of 7 liver lesions were present. Cadmium concentrations increased significantly in the presence of glomerular arteriosclerosis and a similar trend was found for tubular hyaline casts. Based on these findings, as well as the nature of the lesions, data indicate that the histopathological changes were a result of age and that contaminants are likely to be the co-factors in the development in at least three renal and four liver lesions.     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

畜禽粪便改良土壤中E1和E2自然降解的影响因素

研究了E1(雌酮)和E2(17β-雌二醇)在牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪改良土壤自然降解过程中灭菌、光照和温度的影响以及泰乐菌素与吐温80的复合影响. 对比灭菌和未灭菌环境中E1和E2的降解效果表明,灭菌能显著抑制E1的降解,而对E2的降解影响不显著;对比光照和黑暗环境中E1和E2的降解可知,光照对二者的影响不大;在前2种条件下,E1和E2的降解效果(以去除率计)不受粪便类型的影响. 在0～35 ℃,雌激素E1和E2的去除率随温度的升高呈增大趋势,其中E1在牛粪改良土壤中的去除率由1.21%增至58.04%,E2的去除率由1.24%增至48.93%;环境中共存的吐温80能促进E1和E2的降解,当泰乐菌素与吐温80共存时,可有效促进E2的降解.      

重庆主城区春季典型天气的大气颗粒物浓度变化分析

选取重庆大气超级站2010年春季典型天气时段的颗粒物实时监测数据,将β射线法和震荡天平法(TEOM法)的PM10监测值进行了比对,分析了PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度百分比例关系及10μm以下颗粒物数浓度随粒径大小的分布规律。结果表明,β射线法与TEOM法的PM10监测结果基本一致,β射线法比TEOM法监测值平均偏低5.4%;PM2.5、PM1和PM0.5的数浓度均占PM10数浓度的98%以上;PM0.25数浓度占PM10数浓度的平均比例为34.9%,占PM1数浓度的平均比例为35.1%;TEOM法监测的PM2.5占PM10日均质量浓度平均比例为51.2%;β射线法监测的PM2.5占PM10日均质量浓度平均比例为56.9%,PM1占PM10平均比例为30.9%。     

KH-560交联壳聚糖固载β-环糊精薄膜对硝基苯酚的吸附行为

研究了KH-560交联壳聚糖固载β-环糊精薄膜对4-硝基苯酚、2,4-二硝基苯酚和2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的吸附行为,测定了吸附质浓度、pH、温度和吸附时间对其吸附性能的影响,并进行了热力学拟合。研究结果表明,在中性条件下,298K下吸附4-硝基苯酚在40min时可以达到平衡;随着硝基数目的增加,吸附量增大;随着温度的升高,吸附量减小;吸附过程用Langmuir模型描述更合适。