铁路环保选线方法及评价体系研究

环保选线是铁路勘察设计工作的重要内容,但目前环保选线的方法和评价体系尚未完全建立。以我国北方地区某新建铁路穿越城区段工程为例,识别并筛选了影响线路方案的环境因素,探讨建立涉及环境敏感区、城市规划区、既有车站的环保选线方法和评价体系;并将该方法体系运用于线路方案环境比选研究。研究结果表明,该评价体系可以较清晰地反映不同方案在环境敏感性、规划相容性、工程可实施性、施工期环境影响、运营期噪声影响等方面的优劣,可以为铁路环保选线、环境可行性分析、环境影响评价等工作提供参考和思路。     

Predicting categories of drugs used by suspected drug-impaired drivers using the Drug Evaluation and Classification Program tests

Objective: The purpose of this study was to statistically determine which combination(s) of drug-related signs and symptoms from the Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) protocol best predict the drug category used by the suspected drug-impaired driver.

Methods: Data from 1,512 completed DEC evaluations of suspected impaired drivers subsequently found to have ingested central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants, narcotic analgesics, and cannabis were analyzed using a multinomial logistic regression procedure. A set of evaluations completed on drug-free subjects was also included. The relative importance of clinical, behavioral, and observational measures in predicting drug categories responsible for impairment was also examined.

Results: Thirteen drug-related indicators were found to significantly contribute to the prediction of drug category, including being under the care of a doctor or dentist, condition of the eyes, condition of the eyelids, mean pulse rate, assessment of horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN), convergence, performance on the One Leg Stand (OLS) Test, eyelid tremors, pupil size in darkness, reaction to light, presence of visible injection sites, systolic blood pressure, and muscle tone. Indicators related to the appearance and physiological response of the eye contributed the most to the prediction of drug category, followed closely by clinical indicators and performance on the psychophysical tests.

Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that drug recognition experts (DREs) should be careful to review a set of key signs and symptoms when determining the category of drug used by suspected drug-impaired drivers. Drug use indicators related to the appearance and physiological response of the eye were found to contribute the most to the prediction of the drug category responsible for the impairment. These results could help form the basis of a core set of indicators that DREs could initially consult to form their opinion of drug influence. This in turn may enhance the validity, effectiveness, and efficiency of drug detection and identification by DREs and lead to a more effective and efficient DEC program, improved enforcement of drug-impaired driving, and greater acceptance of the DEC program by the courts.     

基于水生生物的湖泊营养类型评价

对乌梁素海的水生生物进行了评价分析。结果表明:乌梁素海浮游动物共有4大类62种,平均生物量为3.75 mg/L,底栖动物11种,隶属3门3纲4科。底栖动物平均生物量为71.7 g/m2,属于富营养类型。     

绿色施工指标体系和评价现状分析

为节约资源和能源、减少对环境的不利影响,进一步提升绿色施工水平已经成为工程建设管理的重要内容之一。从指标体系和评价方法2个方面对目前工程建设项目绿色施工现状进行整理和归纳,针对铁路建设项目绿色施工管理工作提出探讨性建议。     

生态工程治理玄武湖水污染效果的监测与评价

选取总磷、总氮、叶绿素a、浮游生物、浮游植物等多项环境监测指标，对利用生态工程治疗玄武湖水环境污染的效果进行了环境监测与评价。指出生态工程治理玄武湖水环境污染效果显著，经过治理使湖水中生物多样性大大增加，浮游植物大幅减少，湖水透明度增加，总磷、总氮等主要指标大幅下降，生态工程区中的水环境已从高度富营养化降到中度富营养化。     

西安市近郊土壤肥力调查与评价

通过监测土壤肥力评价常用的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、p H等7项评价指标,对西安市近郊4个方位的土壤肥力进行了评价。结果表明:在西安市近郊的4个方位上,土壤中p H值普遍在8.5左右,显略碱性;有机质的含量普遍处于稍缺状态,北郊的有机质含量相对比较丰富,最高为2.64%;全氮含量相对较好,全钾含量均处于较缺状态,北郊的全钾含量较高,为4.17 g/kg;全磷含量均处于0.66 g/kg左右,属中等状态;有效磷含量处于中等含量水平,南郊较低,平均为7.3 mg/kg,最低至3 mg/kg;速效钾含量东郊为37.93 mg/kg,含量较少,处于较缺状态,其余3个郊区均处于稍缺状态。     

沈阳辉山水库水质污染现状分析及评价

根据《地表水环境质量评价办法》中规定的方法,对沈阳辉山水库进行了水质和富营养化状态评价,并对污染源和水质污染特性进行了分析。结果显示:水库水质类别为劣Ⅴ类,水质状况为重度污染。富营养化综合营养状态指数为34.44,辉山水库水质为中营养化水平,水库没有藻类水华的产生。水库主要污染指标为总磷、总氮和悬浮物,分别超出国家地表水Ⅲ类标准的14.2倍、5.85倍和2.72倍。整个库区水质变化不均匀,水质变化受库区沿岸污染物排放影响较大,辉山明渠上游和某工厂暗渠排污口输入是水库主要污染源,库区周围动迁后的荒地和蚯蚓养殖,是辉山水库地面径流和农业污染污染源。     

农村环境整治成效评估赋分方法与应用探讨

为推进农村环境综合整治工作,针对环办[2010]136号规定评估指标体系应用过程中遇到的问题,采取定义与计算、定性与定量结合的方法,对规定评估指标进行定义、明确赋分依据,确定不同完成程度下的赋分标准和计算方法,为环境成效评估提供科学、准确、可行、实用的赋分依据和办法。     

球压试验测量不确定度评定

根据IEC17025-2005《测试和校准实验室能力的一般要求》的规定,测试报告必须包括评估测量不确定度的相关信息.按照JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的方法,本文建立了数学模型、分析不确定度,得出了球压试验不确定度的评定过程,同时讨论了对球压试验结果影响较大的一些因素,分析了影响结果的主要因素和如何避免出现误差的方法.     

Impacts of a participatory approach to developing national level sustainable development indicators in Finland

The paper explores the role of a participatory approach in the outcome of the Finnish sustainable development indicator (SDI) exercise in 1998-2002. The process is analysed through three main objectives: to achieve stronger democracy, better quality of the end product and a more effective process. The analysis is further structured by a set of criteria needed for successful participation and differentiation of types of participants. The criteria comprise three main aspects: fairness, competence and social learning. In addition to the normally mentioned stakeholders (e.g. citizens and interest groups) participants also include experts and civil servants. Using the set of criteria above the participatory approach of the Finnish SDI process is then evaluated, and in the light of this evaluation the paper also discusses the specifications needed as evaluation criteria for national level policy programme processes like developing the SDIs. The results are based on documentation of the indicator task force meetings, written comments and a study of the putative end-users conducted after the publication of the indicators. The results show that the intense and broad participation of experts and civil servants increased the competence of the outcome and led to greater efficiency in working methods. However, this led to technocratic participation, absence of democratic participation and absence of social learning. Thus the ultimate goal of SDIs to contribute to achieving sustainability was not reached.