The representation of cyanobacteria life cycle processes in aquatic ecosystem models

Two simplified versions of a numerical life cycle model for diazotrophic cyanobacteria (of the order Nostocales) are developed and evaluated. Both consider two-life cycle stages, one growing, nitrogen-fixing stage and one stage that combines the resting, germinating and vegetative stages. The versions differ in the vertical resolution of the non-diazotrophic stage: version 1 collects the biomass in one layer at the bottom, version 2 considers sinking and rising of biomass explicitly. The results of the two versions are compared with a complex cyanobacteria life cycle model which describes four different life cycle stages each with two internal quotas for energy and nitrogen. The two simplified approaches show a good agreement with respect to the main characteristics of cyanobacteria dynamics (timing and duration of blooms, magnitude of nitrogen fixation, interannual variability). Our model study shows that both simplified approaches are suitable to be implemented into three-dimensional coastal or lake models.     

混合层深度对藻类生长的影响研究

三峡水库蓄水后,支流库湾频繁暴发水华.为研究水华暴发关键因子,以临界层理论为指导,于2012年初冬季,在香溪河野外观测站建立围隔实验系统,研究水体混合对藻类生长的影响机制.围隔水下深度按梯度布设,表底掺混均匀,并注入由浮游动物网过滤的低Chl-a浓度的香溪河河水.结果表明,Zeu/Zmix(真光层深度与混合层深度之比)>1的围隔藻类生长迅速并暴发水华,Chl-a浓度最高达到90 mg·m-3,反之生长缓慢.临界层理论适用于本实验,Zeu/Zmix也存在一个临界值,低于临界值浮游植物生长会受光限制而不易暴发水华;在临界层理论的基础上,分析得藻类净初级生产力与Zmix存在负相关关系,即Zmix越小藻类净初级生产力越大.     

Reach‐Scale Geomorphic and Biological Effects of Localized Streambank Armoring

Armoring of streambanks is a common management response to perceived threats to adjacent infrastructure from flooding or erosion. Despite their pervasiveness, effects of reach‐scale bank armoring have received less attention than those of channelization or watershed‐scale hydromodification. In this study, we explored mechanistic ecosystem responses to armoring by comparing conditions upstream, within, and downstream of six stream reaches with bank armoring in Southern California. Assessments were based on four common stream‐channel assessment methods: (1) traditional geomorphic measures, (2) the California Rapid Assessment Method for wetlands, (3) bioassessment with benthic macroinvertebrates, and (4) bioassessment with stream algae. Although physical responses varied among stream types (mountain, transitional, and lowland), armored segments generally had lower slopes, more and deeper pools and fewer riffles, and increased sediment deposition. Several armored segments exhibited channel incision and bank toe failure. All classes of biological indicators showed subtle, mechanistic responses to physical changes. However, extreme heterogeneity among sites, the presence of catchment‐scale disturbances, and low sample size made it difficult to ascribe observed patterns solely to channel armoring. The data suggest that species‐level or functional group‐level metrics may be more sensitive tools than integrative indices of biotic integrity to local‐scale effects.     

藻类的光谱吸收特征及其混合藻吸收系数的分离

利用定量滤膜技术测定了实验室培养的聚球藻(Synechococcus 7942)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、直链硅藻的吸收光谱(Melosira granulate Var.angustissima),通过其标准化吸收谱,分析了同种藻不同生长时期的吸收谱特征,并比较分析了不同藻类的标准化吸收谱.结果表明,同一藻的标准化吸收光谱在不同生长时期基本恒定不变.色素组成及其比例的不同是引起藻类间吸收光谱变化的主要原因,同时也是大型浅水湖泊中浮游植物种群演替的原因之一.蓝藻光谱主要存在620nm左右的吸收峰,使得其在水体中较易获取生长所需的光能.直链硅藻在短波范围内稍强的吸收能力被非藻类颗粒物、黄质所弱化,而其在630nm的吸收峰较低,因而难以成为浅水湖泊中的优势种;绿藻在655nm处的吸收肩峰有利于其光能竞争.通过纯种藻的标准化吸收谱,较为成功地对混合藻的吸收谱进行了分离.     

藻类生长的水动力学因素影响与数值仿真

为了定量研究水动力条件对藻类生长影响,选择微囊藻进行了室内扰动实验.通过维持光照、温度、营养盐等生境因子的一致性,调整振荡器转速,研究了不同扰动强度对藻类生长规律的影响;提出了"水动力影响参数a"对藻类生长公式进行了修正,以内江为例建立了二维非稳态藻类生长模型.对不同方案下内江藻类暴发特征进行了预测分析.结果表明,水动力条件对藻类生长影响明显,低流速有利于藻类生长,而在静止与高流速条件下,藻类生长受到抑制;内江引航道节制闸关闭后,流速减缓,藻类易于暴发,可能发生水华的水域面积约2.5 km2,占总面积的36.8%;完全静止状态以及节制闸开启后内江水动力条件改善条件下,藻类暴发程度有所减小,可能发生水华面积分别为0.78 km2和0.18 km2.     

太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化

针对2005年8月、11月及2006年2月,5月太湖31个采样点的水样,测定了其中黄质(chromophoric dissolved organic matier)和颗粒物的吸收系数.通过次氯酸钠漂白法及数值分离法,将颗粒物吸收系数分离为藻类颗粒物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数,并对2种结果进行了比较.同时分析了太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化.结果表明,水体中的绝大部份光合有效辐射能量主要由黄质和非藻类颗粒物所获取,对夏季的400～473nm、秋季的400-461nm、冬季的400～476nm、春季的400～569nm的能量而言,黄质的吸收贡献大于非藻类颗粒物;而在其余波段中,非藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献相对较大.藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献谱在490nm、676nm左右处存在2个主峰区,620nm左右处存在一次峰区,且该次峰在夏、秋季尤为明显,春季次之,冬季最小.藻类的吸收贡献也呈现出较为明显的季节特征,夏季吸收贡献最大达到22.1%,平均为16.4%;秋季最大为18.4%,平均为13.1%;春季最大为15.1%,平均为9.7%;冬季最大为10.1%,平均为6.8%.由于太湖颗粒物的吸收系数主要由非藻类颗粒物决定,因而用次氯酸钠漂白法从中提取藻类颗粒物的吸收系数会造成较大的误差,而改进的数值分离法在此基础上有了一定的提高.     

藻类毒物检测方法及其应用研究进展

综述了运用藻类进行毒物检测的测试方法及指标,介绍了藻类毒物测试在水生生态系统污染的检测与评价,饮用水的安全性评价,工业废水的毒性检测,及土壤生态系统的污染检测等方面的应用及其研究进展。     

固定化与游离态小球藻脱氮除磷对比研究

对固定化与游离态小球藻脱氮、除磷进行对比研究,结果表明固定化藻在2d内对NH4^＋-N和PO^3-4-P的净化效率比悬浮态藻分别高23.14％和35.19％。固定化后初期会对藻细胞的生长产生影响,使得固定化藻的数量增长慢于悬浮态藻的生长,但在较短时间（24a左右）内细胞的活性即可恢复,并保持持续生长,这说明固定化没有对细胞产生不可恢复的损伤。固定化藻技术不仅保留了悬浮态藻的优点,而且使得藻对氮、磷的去除率有较大提高,对藻细胞起到了保护作用,延长藻细胞的生长期,有利于细胞更多地吸收氮、磷。     

Allelopathic inhibition on red tide microalgae Skeletonema costatum by five macroalgal extracts

This study aims to identify effective antialgal allelochemicals from marine macroalgae that inhibit the growth of red tide microalgae. Practically, new algicidal agents were developed to control red tide. The growth inhibitory effects of 5 marine macroalgae Porphyra tenera, Laminaria japonica, Ulva pertusa, Enteromorpha clathrata, and Undaria pinnatifida on Skeletonema costatum were evaluated by adding crude seawater extracts of macroalgal dry tissue into the culture medium containing S. costatum. The half-effective concentrations at 120 h (EC_{50, 120 h}) of the seawater extracts were 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.0, and 4.7 g/L for the five macroalgae above, respectively. E. clathrata, L. japonica and U. pertusa showed strong allelopathic effect on the growth of S. costatum. There have been no previous reports with regard to the allelopathic effects of the former two macroalgae so far. The possible allelochemicals of 21 compounds of the E. clathrata were detected using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Unsaturated fatty acids, acrylic acid (C₃H₄O₂), and linolenic acid (C₁₈H₃₀O₂) were the most likely allelochemicals in E. clathrata.     

特异性功能光和细菌克制蓝藻水华——对光合细菌抑制蓝藻生长的探讨

分析了蓝藻水华暴发的条件,详细论述了特异性功能光合细菌在蓝藻水华覆盖面治理、蓝藻水华未暴发前治理、内污染源底泥治理、点面源污水治理方面取得的试验成果,并结合对特异性光合细菌的分解技术路线和使用性能的分析得出结论：EPSB生物制剂完全可靠,不存在二次污染,使用投资省、运行费用低。