Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses from simulated acid rain and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.     

遥感信息结合光合特性研究作物光合产量估测模型

从遥感信息参数和植物生理生态参数出发 ,建立了遥感-光合作物产量机理模型(RSPCYM) ,其中包括直接以遥感信息获取吸收光合有效辐射 (APAR),将用以完整表示作物生育期中光合时间的作物光合同化势 (CPAP)引入到遥感-光合作物产量模型中,同时利用遥感信息求算作物光合速率 ,进而建立遥感-光合作物产量模型。将建立的模型用于典型区域的冬小麦作物产量估测研究中 ,表明发展的模型有可比的精度。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal

The only major strategy now being seriously considered for biological mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ relies entirely on terrestrial plants. Photosynthetic microbes were the focus of similar consideration in the 1990s. However, two major government-sponsored research programs in Japan and the USA concluded that the requisite technology was not feasible, and those programs were terminated after investing US$117 million and US$25 million, respectively. We report here on the results of a privately funded US$20 million program that has engineered, built, and successfully operated a commercial-scale (2 ha), modular, production system for photosynthetic microbes. The production system couples photobioreactors with open ponds in a two-stage process – a combination that was suggested, but never attempted – and has operated continuously for several years to produce Haematococcus pluvialis. The annually averaged rate of achieved microbial oil production from H. pluvialis is equivalent to <420 GJ ha ^-1 yr^-1, which exceeds the most optimistic estimates of biofuel production from plantations of terrestrial ``energy crops.' The maximum production rate achieved to date is equivalent to 1014 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1. We present evidence to demonstrate that a rate of 3200 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1 is feasible using species with known performance characteristics under conditions that prevail in the existing production system. At this rate, it is possible to replace reliance on current fossil fuel usage equivalent to ∼300 EJ yr^-1 – and eliminate fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ of ∼6.5 GtC yr^-1 – using only 7.3% of the surplus arable land projected to be available by 2050. By comparison, most projections of biofuels production from terrestrial energy crops would require in excess of 80% of surplus arable land. Oil production cost is estimated at $84/bbl, assuming no improvements in current technology. We suggest enhancements that could reduce cost to $50/bbl or less.     

武川县大豆铺乡土地生产潜力的研究

本项研究在武川县大豆铺乡土地自然地理条件基础上，运用农业生态区法对大豆铺乡的光合潜力、光温潜力、降水潜力和土壤潜力进行估算与综合分析，以此为大豆铺乡自然资源科学开发与合理利用提供必要依据和指导方向。     

盐和干旱胁迫对欧李幼苗光合生理特性的影响

为缓解干旱、半干旱地区水土流失现状,充分发挥欧李（Cerasus humilis）的生态价值,有效进行生态环境修复,设置了两种环境胁迫——盐胁迫（盐胁迫浓度分别为3‰、5‰、8‰,依次记做S1、S2、S3）和干旱胁迫（浇水量分别为田间持水量的30%~35%、40%~45%、50%~55%,依次记做W1、W2、W3）,比较叶片的光合气体参数T_r（蒸腾速率）、P_n（净光合速率）、G_s（气孔导度）和C_i（胞间CO₂浓度）的变化;利用P_n-PAR响应曲线比较不同处理下叶片的光响应特征参数L_sp（光饱和点）、L_cp（光补偿点）、R_d（暗呼吸速率）、α（表观量子效率）、P_nmax（最大净光合速率）.结果表明:①欧李幼苗的光合气体参数对盐胁迫的响应较敏感,对干旱胁迫的响应则鲜有显著性差异.②由P_n-PAR响应曲线得出,S1、W2处理下,随着PAR（光合有效辐射）的升高,欧李幼苗出现了光抑制现象;S2、S3、W1、W3处理下则表现出积极的光响应.③盐胁迫下,欧李幼苗的L_cp随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大,L_sp最小值[882.17 μmol/（m2·s）]出现在S1处理,S2、S3处理下有增加趋势,光能利用效率随盐胁迫的增强而减弱;随着干旱程度的减弱,L_cp先增后减,在W2处理下达到最大值[35.79 μmol/（m2·s）],L_sp最大值[1 581.56 μmol/（m2·s）]出现在W1处理,而在W2、W3处理下则减小,说明欧李幼苗对光照环境适应性减弱.研究显示,欧李幼苗对盐和干旱胁迫呈现出完全不同的响应特征,且对盐胁迫的响应更为敏感,研究结果可为欧李在治理水土流失、荒山绿化等生态修复工作中的应用提供依据.      

NO对Cd2+胁迫下绿豆幼苗DNA及光合作用的影响

以绿豆幼苗为材料,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)处理对Cd~(2+)胁迫3天和8天时幼苗叶片和根系DNA含量、DNA链间交联程度以及叶片光合参数的影响。结果表明:单独Cd~(2+)胁迫导致叶片和根系DNA含量降低,DNA链间交联程度增加,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间隙CO2浓度降低,气孔限制值升高;与单独Cd~(2+)胁迫相比,NO和Cd~(2+)复合处理提高了叶片和根系DNA含量,降低了DNA链间交联程度,同时使叶片净光合速率和气孔导度升高,而使胞间隙CO2浓度和气孔限制值降低。结果说明,NO能缓解Cd~(2+)胁迫对绿豆幼苗DNA结构及其代谢的影响;Cd~(2+)胁迫抑制绿豆幼苗光合作用的主要原因是气孔因素,而NO主要通过提高幼苗叶片非气孔因素缓解了Cd~(2+)胁迫对幼苗光合作用的抑制。     

Photosynthesis and growth responses of pea Pisum sativum L. under heavy metals stress

The present work aimed to study the physiological e ects of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in pea (Pisum sativum). Pea plants were exposed to increasing doses of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and copper chloride (CuCl2) for 20 d. The examined parameters, namely root and shoot lengths, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and the rate of photosynthesis were a ected by the treatments especially with high metals concentrations. The analysis of heavy metals accumulation shows that leaves significantly accumulate cadmium for all the tested concentrations. However, copper was significantly accumulated only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory e ects of cadmium on photosynthesis and growth in pea plants. These results are valuable for understanding the biological consequences of heavy metals contamination particularly in soils devoted to organic agriculture.     

模拟气候变化对沈阳城市树木光合固碳能力的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO2浓度（700μmol/mo）l和正常空气CO2浓度（≈350μmol/mo）l条件下,银杏生长参数、叶面积指数、不同天气中净光合速率日变化进行了初步研究,探讨了高浓度CO2对单株银杏光合固碳能力的影响。结果表明：CO2浓度增高可以显著提高银杏枝条的生长量和银杏的叶面积指数。经高浓度CO2处理后,银杏不同天气下光合速率日变化趋势与对照一致,即晴天为双峰曲线,多云天气为单峰曲线,但净光合速率显著高于对照（P〈0.001）。由于净光合速率和叶面积指数升高,高浓度CO2也显著提高了单株银杏的固碳释氧能力（P〈0.01）,晴天比对照提高了119.5%,阴天提高了175.4%。     

刈割对生态浮床植物黑麦草光合作用及其对氮磷等净化效果的影响

以多花黑麦草为试材,通过水培实验方法,研究刈割强度对黑麦草生长、光合作用以及对污染水体氮、磷等去除效果的影响.结果表明,①刈割显著促进黑麦草新芽再生能力,刈割后5～13 d,C2（留茬2 cm）实验组新芽再生速率达2.78 cm·d^-1,远高于不刈割组（0.88 cm·d^-1）;刈割组株高、现存生物量以及生产量均大于不刈割组,且随刈割强度的增加,植物补偿指数显著变化,其中重度刈割（留茬高度≤5 cm）试验组新芽高度以及累积生物量分别为40.6～44.0 cm、31.6～37.2 g,均表现为超补偿作用,表明重度刈割有利于黑麦草生物量的累积;②刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素组成具有一定影响,其中C2组叶绿素a、叶绿素a/b 最大,为1.85 mg·g^-1、 3.18, C1（不刈割）组最小,为C2组的89.29%、90.13%;③刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,随刈割强度的增加,PSⅡ的实际光能转化效率（ФPSⅡ）以及PSⅡ的非循环电子传递速率（ETR）均有所升高,其中C2组ФPSⅡ、ETR分别为C1组的1.13、1.09倍,表明刈割显著提高了叶片对光能的转化,使植物光合作用能力提高;④刈割显著提高了黑麦草系统对氮、磷等的去除效果,且刈割强度越大,浮床系统对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率越好,其中C2组对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率比C1组高1.07、1.20、1.05、1.44倍,远高于无植物系统的去除率;⑤留茬2～5 cm为黑麦草刈割最佳高度,此结论可为浮床植物科学管理提供重要依据.     

Variations in δ13C of water–soluble leaf and phloem organic matter of Platycladus orientalis: influences of photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation

Analysis of variations in water–soluble organic matter (WSOM) δ¹³C of leaves and phloem can efficiently describe the δ¹³C distributions within plants and identify the temporal variation of δ¹³C. In this study, WSOM δ¹³C values of both leaves and phloem (twig, stem, and root) of Platycladus orientalis were measured during seven sunny days, including 2–hour interval measurements at three days for diel pattern analysis and 6–hour interval measurements at the remaining four days for day–to–day variation analysis. Analysis of WSOM δ¹³C in different plant organs showed that ¹³C was generally depleted from leaves to twigs, then enriched in stems and subsequently depleted in roots. Stems were significantly ¹³C–enriched compared to twigs (p?<?0.05), while δ¹³C differences between stems and other organs and among leaves, twigs and roots were not significant (p?>?0.05). No clear diel patterns in δ¹³C of leaves and phloem were found. Daily average δ¹³C values indicated that all plant organs had more positive values on sunny days during the dry season than during the wet season. Both photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation influence variations in WSOM δ¹³C. These results have implications for research on plant physiology and plant water use.