Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, South China

During November-December 2010 aerosol scattering coefficients were monitored using a single-waved (525 nm) Nephelometer at a regional monitoring station in the central Pearl River Delta region and 24-hr fine particle (PM_2.5) samples were also collected during the period using quartz filters for the analysis of major chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. In average, these five components accounted for about 85% of PM_2.5 mass and contributed 42% (OC), 19% (SO₄^2-), 12% (NO₃^-), 8.4% (NH₄⁺) and 3.7% (EC), to PM_2.5 mass. A relatively higher mass scattering efficiency of 5.3 m²/g was obtained for fine particles based on the linear regression between scattering coefficients and PM_2.5 mass concentrations. Chemical extinction budget based on IMPROVE approach revealed that ammonium sulfate, particulate organic matter, ammonium nitrate and EC in average contributed about 32%, 28%, 20% and 6% to the light extinction coefficients, respectively.     

粤港细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究

为了研究珠三角地区细粒子气溶胶的环境效应,使用粤港地区长期气象资料和珠三角大气成分站网高分辨率资料,结合卫星遥感AOD结果,分析了珠三角地区由于细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与形成灰霾天气的长期变化趋势.结果表明,近年来珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,气溶胶云一年四季都可以出现,且长期稳定存在,重污染区位于珠江口以西的珠江三角洲西侧.灰霾天气主要出现在10月至次年4月.灰霾导致能见度恶化.自20世纪80年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表珠江三角洲经济发展相伴随的粗颗粒气溶胶污染、硫酸盐+粗颗粒气溶胶污染、光化学过程的细粒子+硫酸盐和粗颗粒气溶胶的复合污染时期.雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化.珠江三角洲能见度的恶化主要与细粒子关系比较大,PM10有一半年份的年均值超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(70μg·m-3),而PM2.5年均值全部年份都超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(35μg·m-3),尤其是有些年份的年均值浓度超过标准限值的2倍,细粒子浓度甚高.另外,近年PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高,可达51%～79%,黑碳气溶胶浓度非常高,月均值达到5.0～9.1μg·m-3.和20余年前的资料相比较,细粒子在气溶胶中的比重有明显增加.因而在目前粤港地区的气溶胶污染中,主要是细粒子的污染,尤其是黑碳气溶胶污染严重.     

深圳市大气能见度影响因子研究

概述了大气气溶胶的光学性质,并结合深圳市实际,研究深圳市主要气溶胶因子与大气能见度的关系。     

风门对矿井火灾烟气流动特性影响的数值模拟研究*

为研究巷道内风门开启程度对矿井火灾烟气流动特性的影响,使用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS模拟0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0 m/s 6种通风风速,以及风门开启1/4,1/2,3/4和全开启4种情况对巷道火灾烟气流动特征参数温度和能见度的影响。结果表明:风速0.5,1.0 m/s 时,风门开启1/4最有利于人员逃生;风速1.5 m/s时,风门开启1/2最有利于人员逃生;风速高于1.5 m/s时,风门关闭影响巷道内风流流动,因此不宜关闭风门;在风门全开启时,随着风速增大,火源上风侧的温度降低、井下能见度升高,烟气的逆退距离缩短,当风速2.5 m/s时各监测点温度最稳定。     

Evaluation of a high visibility enforcement project focused on passenger vehicles interacting with commercial vehicles

Introduction

In 2004, Washington State applied NHTSA's High Visibility Enforcement model used in the Click It or Ticket seat belt campaign in an attempt to reduce unsafe driving behaviors around commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). The program was called Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT). This paper details the methods used to evaluate the program's effectiveness and the results of the evaluation.

Method

Four high-crash interstate highway corridors, each approximately 25 miles in length, were selected. Two of these corridors received TACT media messages and increased enforcement over an 18-month period while two comparison corridors did not receive any increased media or enforcement.

Results

A total of 4,737 contacts were made with drivers during the two enforcement waves, and 72% of these contacts led to a citation. Drivers at the intervention sites who said they saw or heard any of the TACT messages increased from 17.7% in the pre period to a high of 67.3% in the post periods. Drivers at the intervention sites also reported increased exposure to the core message of leaving more space when passing trucks (14% pre to 40% post period). The percentage of drivers who said they leave more room when passing trucks than when passing cars rose from 16% in the pre period to 24% in the post period at the intervention sites, while comparison sites showed no change. Over 150 hours of video recorded by law enforcement officers in unmarked vehicles were utilized to examine violation rates and severity of violations before and after the intervention campaigns. Statistical analyses showed that violation rates were reduced significantly at the intervention sites (between 23% and 46%), while remaining constant at the comparison sites. Analyses of the video data also showed that the seriousness of the residual violations at the intervention sites decreased.

Conclusions

Overall, the evaluation results provide a consistent picture of the effectiveness of the TACT pilot project. Success was demonstrated at every step - messages were received and understood, knowledge was changed in the intended direction, self reported driving behavior around large trucks improved, and observed driving behaviors confirmed the self reports.

Impact on Industry

After this initial success in Washington State, the TACT model will continue to be implemented and evaluated by FMCSA in an attempt to validate the program. Based on the results of this study and the consistent positive results found for other sTEP projects, it is likely that TACT will show continued success in a variety of settings and will help reduce the number and severity of crashes involving CMVs. Future research should attempt to use many of the methods described here to further validate the methods for not only evaluations of TACT programs, but also for any other highway safety programs that require measurements of the program's effectiveness.     

颗粒物质量浓度对大气能见度水平影响分析

通过观察不同天气条件下颗粒物质量浓度水平上升伴随大气能见度水平下降,对颗粒物质量浓度-大气能见度相关性分析,得到相关方程,根据颗粒物污染水平分析预测大气能见度,为灰霾预报提供依据.     

相对湿度和PM2.5浓度对乌鲁木齐市冬季能见度的影响

基于2016~2017年冬季乌鲁木齐市城区PM_2.5和气象要素观测数据,采用线性和非线性回归、变量分类分析等统计方法,研究了大气能见度与相对湿度（RH）、PM_2.5浓度的定量关系.结果表明：乌鲁木齐市冬季能见度日变化呈单峰形分布,中午13：00前后和夜晚20：00前后能见度分别达到最高和最低.相对湿度增加、PM_2.5污染加重都会造成冬季大气能见度明显降低,但低能见度天气的主要影响因素是PM_2.5污染.在RH < 90%时PM_2.5累积及其吸湿增长对能见度变化起控制作用,特别是70%￡RH < 90%时,PM_2.5浓度对大气能见度影响最大.RH³90%时相对湿度成为决定因素.在PM_2.5污染逐渐加重的过程中,相对湿度对能见度的影响在减弱.能见度增加与PM_2.5浓度降低之间存在非线性响应.在PM_2.5污染由严重减轻至中度污染级别过程中,能见度改善并不明显.只有把PM_2.5浓度控制在115μg/m³以下（轻度污染或优良级别）,PM_2.5浓度降低,能见度才开始出现显著提高.但冬季要达到较高能见度水平（8km）,PM_2.5浓度需要继续严控至39μg/m³以下.本文对乌鲁木齐市冬季大气污染治理具有重要指导意义.     

福州大气污染对太阳辐射等要素的影响

福州大气污染对太阳辐射等要素的影响陈千盛（福建省气候中心，福州３５０００１）池艳珍（福建省气象局）关键词太阳总辐射；散射辐射；能见度混浊度因子．建国以来，福州由于市区范围不断扩大及工业发展，人口和车辆与日俱增，空中尘埃量随之增多，空气日益恶浊．这种状...     

广州市大气能见度的特征及其影响因子分析

广州市大气能见度逐年下降,灰霾现象严重,收集广州市2001—2003年大气能见度及同期地面气象要素(风速、温度、气压和相对湿度)观测资料和空气污染物(PM10、SO2、NO2和CO)监测数据,探讨广州市大气能见度的特征及大气能见度与气象要素和空气污染之间的关系。统计分析结果表明,广州市大气能见度的年、季、日变化特征明显,呈明显的逐年下降趋势。一年之中,春季能见度最低,夏季能见度最高。一日之中,早晨08时能见度最差,午后14时最好。能见度与气象要素及空气污染物的相关和偏相关分析结果表明能见度与平均风速呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关;能见度与4种污染物在简单相关分析中均呈显著的较强负相关关系,而在偏相关分析中的相关性极弱,说明空气污染物对能见度的影响是综合作用的。最后用多元线性回归法建立了大气能见度与相对湿度和PM10、SO2、NO2、CO等污染物浓度间的回归方程。     

A combination line transect and capture-recapture sampling model for multiple observers in aerial surveys

We present a robust sampling methodology to estimate population size using line transect and capture-recapture procedures for aerial surveys. Aerial surveys usually underestimate population density due to animals being missed. A combination of capture-recapture and line transect sampling methods with multiple observers allows violation of the assumption that all animals on the centreline are sighted from the air. We illustrate our method with an example of inanimate objects which shows evidence of failure of the assumption that all objects on the centreline have probability 1 of being detected. A simulation study is implemented to evaluate the performance of three variations of the Lincoln-Petersen estimator: the overall estimator, the stratified estimator, and the general stratified estimator based on the combined likelihood proposed in this paper. The stratified Lincoln-Petersen estimator based on the combined likelihood is found to be generally superior to the other estimators.