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161.
162.
Ji-Dong Gu D. T. Eberiel S. P. McCarthy R. A. Gross 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1993,1(2):143-153
Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of 0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas. 相似文献
163.
Maurizio Tosin Francesco Degli-Innocenti Catia Bastioli 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1996,4(1):55-63
Biodegradability under composting conditions is assessed by test methods, such as ASTM D 5338-92, based on the measurement of CO2 released by test materials when mixed with mature compost and maintained in a controlled composting environment. However, in real composting, biodegradation occurs in fresh waste. To clarify this point, the biodegradation of paper and of a starch-based biodegradable thermoplastic material, Mater-Bi ZI01U, was followed by measuring the weight loss of samples introduced either into a mature compost or into a synthetic waste. The weight loss in mature compost was higher at the beginning but tended to decrease; in synthetic waste a first lag phase was followed by an exponential phase. Complete degradation of paper was noticed simultaneously in the two substrates (after 25 days). The bulkier Mater-Bi samples were fully degraded after 20 days in fresh waste, but after 45 days in mature compost. Therefore, the test methods using mature compost as a substrate can possibly underestimate the biodegradation rate occurring in fresh waste, i.e., in real composting plants, and have to be considered as conservative test methods. The test procedure described in this paper seems very suitable as a screening method to verify the compostability of plastic materials in a composting environment. 相似文献
164.
A laboratory method is presented for investigating the biodegradation of an organic test material in an aerobic composting system based on the evolution of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon conversion, biodegradation can also be monitored through weight loss and physical disintegration. The test method is different from other biodegradation tests, especially aquatic tests, because of the elevated temperature representative for real composting conditions and also because of enhanced fungal degradation activities. A ring test was run using paper and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate as test materials and cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the method is suitable and practicable. Experience with real technical-scale composting facilities confirms that the method provides test results of high predictive value. The test is designed to become a European Standard in connection with determining the compostability of packagings and packaging materials. 相似文献
165.
166.
探讨了臭氧氧化技术处理染料 (酸性、直接、活性、分散和还原颜料 )模拟废水的影响因素———pH值、初始浓度和臭氧含量等对其的影响 ;臭氧氧化能提高染料废水的可生化性 ,可用来作为高浓度染料废水的预处理手段 相似文献
167.
168.
催化湿式氧化法处理对硝基酚钠废水的试验 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu复合型氧化物作为多相催化剂,采用催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度对硝基酚钠废水,考察了各种反应条件对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:在温度220℃、压力2.5MPa、反应时间60min、催化剂加入量3g/L的条件下,COD去除率可达63.7%。经处理后的废水,BOD5/COD的比值由原来的0.016提高到0.33,从而为后续的生物降解创造了良好条件。 相似文献
169.
难生化有机污染物二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸或羟基萘磺酸的高浓度水溶液 (4777— 2 82 4 4mg/L) ,经超临界水氧化处理后 ,其可生化性都有了大幅度的提高。二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸和羟基萘磺酸处理前的BOD5/CODCr,分别为 8.4 %、1.5 6 %、1.5 6 %和 2 .73%。经过超临界水氧化处理 ,它们的BOD5/CODCr可分别达到 2 3.2 %、5 5 .1%、5 0 .2 %和 38.8%。且随着处理温度的升高和COD去除率的上升 ,可生化性越来越好。这表明 ,超临界水氧化法不仅可以用来彻底降解有机污染物 ,也可以用于难生化有机污染物的预处理 ,为难生化有机污染物的生物处理创造条件 相似文献
170.
黄土高原区不同植物凋落物可溶性有机碳的含量及生物降解特性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以黄土高原区刺槐、小叶杨、沙棘、沙柳、苜蓿和长芒草等6种植物凋落物为研究对象,利用2种浸提剂(水和0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2)浸提了不同大小(2 mm粉碎样和1 cm长)植物凋落物,测定了其中可溶性有机碳(SOC)的含量,并利用室内培养试验(25℃)评价了可溶性有机碳的生物降解特性.结果表明,不同植物凋落物可溶性有机碳含量在4.21~76.25 g·kg-1之间,占其全碳的比例在0.99%~19.84%之间.平均来看,乔木凋落物可溶性有机物含量及其占全碳的比例大于灌木,而灌木又高于草本.经过7 d的培养,不同凋落物可溶性有机碳的生物降解率在34.7%~75.1%之间,平均56.3%,不同种类凋落物的生物降解率相比为乔木>灌木>草本.紫外及荧光光谱法测定法表明,培养结束后SOC溶液中结构较为复杂的可溶性有机物的比例呈显著上升,这与其中易降解组分的降解有关. 相似文献