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21.
Martin Gerdin Patrice Chataigner Leonie Tax Anne Kubai Johan von Schreeb 《Disasters》2014,38(3):451-464
Disasters of physical origin, including earthquakes, floods, landslides, tidal waves, tropical storms, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, have affected millions of people globally over the past 100 years. Proportionately, there is far greater likelihood of being affected by such disasters in low‐income countries than in high‐income countries. Furthermore, low‐income countries are in need of international assistance following disasters more often than high‐income countries. The funding of international humanitarian assistance has increased from USD 12.9 billion in 2006 to an estimated USD 16.7 billion in 2010. The majority of this funding is channelled through humanitarian agencies and is supposed to be distributed based on the need of those affected, as assessed using needs assessments. Such needs assessments may be used to inform decisions internally, to influence others, to justify response decisions, and to obtain funding. Little is known about the quality of needs assessments in practical applications. Consequently, this paper reports on and analyses the views of operational decision‐makers in major health‐related humanitarian agencies on needs assessments. 相似文献
22.
This study applied the theoretical framework based on expectancy and discrepancy theories to examine how the elements of total compensation might influence work motivation and job satisfaction. The principal dimensions of total compensation that give rise to distinct reactions among employees were examined. Two samples of employees, 269 exempt employees and 297 nonexempt employees, were studied separately in order to identify the differences of reaction between these two groups. The relationships between the elements of total compensation, work motivation and job satisfaction were analysed by a structural equations model with LISREL VII. Proposals were developed to predict the conditions of compensation efficiency on work motivation and job satisfaction in the cultural context of employment in France. The three principal conclusions of the study were: (1) under certain conditions, individualized compensation of exempt employees can be a factor of work motivation; (2) flexible pay of nonexempt employees neither motivates nor increases job satisfaction; (3) benefits of exempt and nonexempt employees neither motivate nor increase job satisfaction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
23.
Patrice Lucchetta Emmanuel Desouhant Eric Wajnberg Carlos Bernstein 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1409-1418
The reproductive success of insect parasitoids depends on two activities, searching for hosts to obtain immediate fitness
rewards (offspring) and searching for food to extend life span and enhance future reproductive opportunities. Models suggest
that to deal with this trade-off and to cope with the variability of the resources they depend on, parasitoids should simultaneously
integrate information originating from three distinct sources: host and food availabilities in the environment (environmental
information) and the metabolic reserves of the parasitoid (internal information). We tested whether, in the parasitic wasp
Venturia canescens, these three types of information are perceived simultaneously and interact during host-patch exploitation. Experiments were
performed with strains originating from two different geographical locations and with individuals of the two reproductive
modes, arrhenotoky and thelytoky. We hypothesised that there would be differences between modes of reproduction as they thrive
in different ecological conditions. Our results show that metabolic state, food availability and the number of ovipositions
performed simultaneously modulate patch residence time in V. canescens of both populations and reproductive modes. Unfed wasps left their host patch earlier than fed ones. The tendency to leave
the patch increased with an increasing probability of finding food. Our study confirms that globally, each oviposition increases
the patch-leaving tendency (decremental mechanism). This effect was modulated by both the metabolic reserves and food availability,
and the relationship depended on the geographic origin of populations. Individuals of one of the populations switched from
a decremental to an incremental patch-leaving mechanism depending on the presence or absence of food in the vicinity. Differences
between reproductive modes in the responses to environmental cues can be explained by the different ecological conditions
they live in. 相似文献
24.
Montagne Virginie Capiaux Hervé Barret Matthieu Cannavo Patrice Charpentier Sylvain Grosbellet Claire Lebeau Thierry 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2017,15(3):537-545
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Biocontrol strategies using organic substrates such as wood fibers and biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma are currently developed to control soil pathogens such... 相似文献
25.
Sandra Kim Tiam Xavier Libert Soizic Morin Patrice Gonzalez Agnès Feurtet-Mazel Nicolas Mazzella 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(6):3931-3939
The Morcille River located in the Beaujolais vineyard area (Eastern France) is subjected to strong vine-growing pressure leading to the contamination by a range of herbicides and fungicides of the surrounding freshwater environment. Particularly high concentrations of norflurazon, desmethyl norflurazon and tebuconazole were recorded in spring 2010 at the downstream site of the river. Despite their occurrence in rivers, scarce toxicity data are available for these products, in particular in the case of desmethyl norflurazon (main norflurazon degradation product). Furthermore, the toxicity data are generally available only for single compounds and are issued from single species toxicity tests, leading to a lack of ecological relevance. Consequently, this study was undertaken to evaluate the toxic effects of norflurazon, desmethyl norflurazon and tebuconazole singly and in a ternary mixture on fluvial biofilm. Toxicity tests were performed in microplates for 48 h. Photosynthetic endpoints were measured using pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometry; diatom densities and taxonomic composition were determined. After 48 h of exposure, significant effects on optimal quantum yield (F v/F m) for desmethyl norflurazon and mixture were observed. 相似文献
26.
27.
There is a considerable interest in quantifying near-surface ozone concentrations and associated trends, as they serve to define the impacts on ozone of the anthropogenic precursors reductions and to evaluate the effects of emission control strategies. A statistical test has been used to the ozone air concentrations measured in the French rural monitoring network stations, called MERA, in order to bring out spatio-temporal trends in air quality in France over the 1995-2003 period. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test has been developed for detecting and estimating monotonic trends in the time series and applied in our study at annual values: mean, 98th percentile and median based on hourly averaged ozone concentrations and applied to daily maxima. In France, when averaged overall 9 stations between 1995 and 2003, a slight increasing trend of the O(3) levels (+0.6 +/- 1.3% year( - 1)) is observed, which is strongly influenced by the concentrations of the high altitude stations. In stations below 1000 m a mean rate of -0.48% year( - 1) from annual average concentrations, of -0.45% year( - 1) for medians and of +0.56% year( - 1) for P.98 over the 1995-2003 period were obtained. In stations above 1,000 m a mean rate of +1.75% year( - 1) from annual averages values, of +4.05% year( - 1) for medians and of +2.55% year( - 1) for P.98 were calculated over the 1997-2003 period. This situation is comparable to the one observed in other countries. In Europe and in France a reduction of precursor emissions is observed whereas a slight increasing trend of the O(3) levels is observed over the 1995-2003 period. One reason is the non-linearity of chemical ozone production with respect to precursor emissions. Possible explanations are an increase in near-surface ozone values caused by a reduced ozone titration by reduced NO( x ), the meteorological parameters change, an increase in bio-geogenic compound concentrations, the intercontinental transport from North America and Asia and the influence of stratospheric-tropospheric exchanges. These possible explanations must be interpreted carefully as on the short time scales considered. 相似文献
28.
Souleymane Paré Patrice Savadogo Mulualem Tigabu Jean Marie Ouadba Per Christer Odén 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(2):277-295
Traditional ecological knowledge and local experience of resource management and the usefulness of plant species can make
important contributions to attempts to understand forest ecosystems and to develop effective sustainable management strategies
for them. Therefore, the utilization of tree species by local people, their perceptions of changes in the surrounding forests,
and suggested solutions for associated problems, were studied in the Sissili province of southern Burkina Faso. Information
was collected through a combination of participatory rural appraisals, household interviews, and observational methods. Principal
component analysis was used to analyze the consumptive values of woody species and their respective parts. A total of 82 species
were identified, 90% of them were used for medicinal purposes, 78% for fodder, 73% for food, 67% for house construction, and
58% for wood carving. This suggests that forests play a key role in sustaining the rural livelihood and contributing to poverty
reduction. The various stakeholders perceived that vegetation clearing for cultivation of cash crops (agribusiness) was the
main driver of the change in forest cover. Species reported to be declining in the area included Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Afzelia africana, Bombax costatum, Tamarindus indica, and Diospyros mespiliformis. Thus, a concerted effort should be made to manage the remaining natural forests in the country. Appropriate management strategies
should be developed jointly by the local communities and external support groups to integrate the valuable local knowledge
about forest species with the stakeholders’ suggestions in order to promote sustainable management of the region’s forest
ecosystems. 相似文献
29.
Gagnon C Gagné F Turcotte P Saulnier I Blaise C Salazar MH Salazar SM 《Chemosphere》2006,62(6):998-1010
The biological availability of metals in municipal wastewater effluents is strongly influenced by the physical and chemical conditions of both the effluent and the receiving water. Aquatic organisms are exposed to both dissolved and particulate (food ingestion) forms of these metals. In the present study, the distribution of metals in specific tissues was used to distinguish between exposure routes (i.e. dissolved vs. particulate phase) and to examine metal bioavailability in mussels exposed to municipal effluents. Caged Elliptio complanata mussels were deployed at sites located between 1.5 km upstream and 12 km downstream of a major effluent outfall in the St. Lawrence River. Metals in surface water samples were fractionated by filtration techniques to determine their dissolved, truly-dissolved (<10 kDa), total-particulate and acid-reactive-particulate forms. At the end of the exposure period (90 days), pooled mussel soft tissues (digestive gland, gills, gonad, foot and mantle) were analyzed for several metals. The results showed that gills and digestive gland were generally the most important target tissues for metal bioaccumulation, while gill/digestive gland metal ratios suggest that both exposure routes should be considered for mussels exposed to municipal effluents. We also found that Ag and Cd in the dispersion plume nearest the outfall, in contrast to other metals such as Cu and Zn, are more closely associated with colloids and were generally less bioavailable than at the reference site in the St. Lawrence River. 相似文献