Stabilization and utilization of hospital waste as road and asphalt aggregate

This article reports the operational results of the effective utilization of hospital waste molten slag produced using a high-temperature melting system, and being operated at a hospital in Selangor, Malaysia. The hospital waste is incinerated and subsequently melted at 1200°C. Scanning election microscope (SEM)/EDX results showed that the slag produced after melting contained amounts of SiO₂, CaO, and Al₂O₃ in excess of 53%, 9%, and 16%, respectively. The results from a leaching analysis on the slag produced proved that the melting process had successfully stabilized the heavy metals. The use of this slag as an alternative material to replace conventional aggregates for road construction was studied. The results from aggregate and asphalt mix tests showed that the slag produced fulfills all the requirements of an alternative aggregate. The average asphalt content, or the optimum asphalt content to be mixed with hospital waste molten slag, was found to be about 5.53%.     

Recycling of an industrial sludge and marine clay as light-weight aggregates

The geographical limitations of Singapore, its restricted natural resources and voluminous municipal and industrial waste streams, make environmental management a major challenge for the island state. In an attempt to find ways to reduce importation of raw materials and the waste sent to landfill, light weight aggregates were produced from marine clay and a CaF(2)-rich semiconductor industry sludge. Aggregates were produced in a bench-scale rotary kiln with three clay/sludge loadings (90/10, 70/30 and 50/50%). All three mixtures showed good bloating behavior during firing and the ceramic pellets (1-1.5cm diameter) had densities well below that required for light-weight aggregates. In the initial tests, the pore sizes of the aggregates were in general too large resulting in high water absorption. Comparisons between the composition of the two waste products and the aggregates showed a significant loss of fluorine (40-60%) during processing; a problem which may require flue gas treatment. Leach testing showed that the formed aggregates would not pose a human or environmental hazard in terms of fluorine mobilization.     

生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响

为探究生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响,采用盆栽试验,向模拟Cd污染土壤中添加生物质炭并测定水稻根际土壤团聚体碳循环酶与氧化还原酶活性.结果表明:Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性对添加量为2.5%的生物质炭响应明显,氧化还原酶活性指数值介于0.522~0.792之间.在2.5mg/kg的外源Cd条件下,2.5%的生物质炭比未添加生物质炭处理显著提高蛋白酶与过氧化氢酶活性至121%与653%.在Cd污染土壤中添加生物质炭,碳循环酶与氧化还原酶及综合酶活性均在0.5~1mm中等粒径土壤团聚体中产生富集效应,其酶活性随土壤团聚体粒径的增大呈先升后降最终趋于稳定的趋势.研究显示,在2.5mg/kg的外源Cd条件下,添加2.5%的生物质炭对水稻根际土壤团聚体酶活性影响显著,土壤酶活性受酶种类、生物质炭量与团聚体粒径的综合影响;在Cd污染土壤中添加生物质炭后,土壤酶活性随团聚体粒径的增大呈“∧”形变动规律.     

绿色高强混凝土——硅灰混凝土

硅灰是冶金厂生产硅铁和工业硅过程中产生的废灰，硅灰混凝土为绿色混凝土，它不仅节约了水泥熟料，而且改善了环境，大大促进了混凝土和建筑工程的健康发展，混凝土中掺入硅灰可得到高强和超高强混凝土，用此混凝土浇制的结构物其安全度大大提高，经济效益显著，硅灰混凝土还可以有效抑制碱骨料反应，提高结构物的安全度和耐久性，延长使用寿命。     

碎砖骨料再生混凝土配合比研究

用正交法试验分析了碎砖骨料混凝土的配合比，提出水灰比和碎砖骨料掺量分别是影响混凝土强度和流动性的主要因素。倡导用碎砖做混凝土骨料，保护生态环境。     

模拟降雨条件下沉积物对磷的富集机理

通过模拟降雨径流实验，在７２ｍｍ／ｈ的大暴雨备件下，研究侵蚀性颗粒从土壤中的径流流失过程及其对磷的富集作用和机理。结果表明，深积物中不同粒长团聚体的组成和原来土壤中的组成有很大差异。径流流失的沉积物主要以０．２５ｍｍ以下的团聚体为主，径流中８０％以上的磷以颗粒态形式流失，而颗粒态磷的６０％－９０％随０．１ｍｍ以下的团聚体流失。不同粒径团聚体对磷的富集作用和富集系数不同。模拟实验建立了沉积物富集系数     

Use of recycled fine aggregate in concretes with durable requirements

The use of construction waste materials as aggregates for concrete production is highly attractive compared to the use of non-renewable natural resources, promoting environmental protection and allowing the development of a new raw material. Several countries have recommendations for the use of recycled coarse aggregate in structural concrete, whereas the use of the fine fraction is limited because it may produce significant changes in some properties of concrete. However, during the last decade the use of recycled fine aggregates (RFA) has achieved a great international interest, mainly because of economic implications related to the shortage of natural sands suitable for the production of concrete, besides to allow an integral use of this type of waste. In this study, the durable behaviour of structural concretes made with different percentage of RFA (0%, 20%, and 30%) is evaluated. Different properties related to the durability of concretes such as absorption, sorptivity, water penetration under pressure, and carbonation are determined. In addition, the results of compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity and drying shrinkage are presented. The obtained results indicate that the recycled concretes have a suitable resistant and durable behaviour, according to the limits indicated by different international codes for structural concrete.     

降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响

为揭示团聚体粒径动态变化对溅蚀的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以第四纪粘土、泥质页岩发育红壤为研究对象,研究了酒精预湿润后的2~5 mm团聚体在降雨过程中粒径动态变化及溅蚀率的变化。试验结果表明：在60 mm/h雨强下,团聚体受雨滴机械打击破碎主要发生在降雨的最初阶段,团聚体＞0.25 mm百分含量（P＞0.25）及平均重量直径（M）均随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数减小,溅蚀率（Dr）随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数增加,而溅蚀率（Dr）随团聚体平均重量直径（M）减小呈幂函数增大。为揭示不同土样在降雨溅蚀过程中溅蚀率的变化规律,利用团聚体稳定性特征参数-机械破碎指数（R）及降雨时间（T）,建立了不同团聚体稳定性土样溅蚀率随降雨时间变化的经验方程,且方程可决系数较高（R2=0.82）,揭示出团聚体稳定性越好,其破碎过程越缓慢,溅蚀率越小。研究结果为红壤区土壤侵蚀的防治及侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路     

再生混凝土骨料对钢渣骨料透水混凝土性能影响试验研究

将再生混凝土骨料以不同比例取代钢渣骨料配制透水混凝土,采用沸煮试验法考察废混凝土骨料对钢渣透水混凝土强度和体积稳定性的影响,结果表明:再生混凝土骨料可改善钢渣透水混凝土强度,减轻钢渣骨料膨胀对透水混凝土体积稳定性的影响,用再生混凝土骨料在改善钢渣骨料透水混凝土性能同时可消纳两种固体废弃物,具有环境效益和社会效益。     

施用生物炭对云南烟区红壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

生物炭是一种重要的土壤改良剂,为深入研究其对云南烟区红壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的作用,开展了为期3年的生物炭田间定位试验.试验共设3个处理,分别为常规施肥(B0)、常规施肥配施生物炭15 t·hm-2(B15)、常规施肥配施生物炭30 t·hm-2(B30).结果表明:1随着生物炭施用年限和施用量的增加,土壤有机碳含量显著增加,B15和B30处理较对照(B0)分别增加了38.7%和60.1%;2施用生物炭显著提高了土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,其中B30处理增幅最大.在不同粒级团聚体中0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳含量增幅最大,与对照相比,B15和B30处理分别增加了24.9%和36.4%;3施炭处理(B15,B30)土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和大于0.25 mm团聚体数量(R0.25)也较对照显著增加,表明土壤团聚体稳定性显著提高;4连续施用生物炭3年后,大团聚体有机碳的贡献率明显升高,而微团聚体则相反.综上所述,生物炭对土壤团聚体和有机碳的作用过程是持续的,连续施用生物炭可显著提升土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性、土壤和各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,在改善土壤物理性状的同时,有利于稳定增加土壤碳汇.