全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对中华蜜蜂的毒性

选用中国蜂种中华蜜蜂工蜂作为受试生物,建立其环境危害评价毒性测试方法,用所建立的方法对全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品进行了接触急性毒性及经口急性毒性风险评价,并比较了"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法"两种经口毒性方法的优缺点及对毒性结果的影响。研究结果表明,"小烧杯法"实验中C4织物三防整理剂对中华蜜蜂的24h-LC50为1435mg·L~(-1),48h-LC_(50)为284.67mg·L~(-1);其余替代品在限度实验均未出现蜜蜂死亡,4种PFOS替代品对中华蜜蜂的接触毒性及经口毒性均为低毒,但"小烧杯法"测得的经口毒性结果比"饲喂管法"高。     

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.     

海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。     

山西煤炭经济替代产业探索——兼论重点旅游景区拉动地区经济发展之路径

以煤炭业为绝对支柱产业的经济结构使山西陷入了环境污染重,社会缺乏创新和活力,经济发展迟缓,政治易生腐败等困境,尤其是山西的经济增长表现出受煤炭需求变化而大起大落的无奈特征,因此以前途黯淡和负面作用过大的耗竭性能源工业为支撑的山西经济,必须选择潜力大、对环境损害小或有贡献意义的替代产业。通过与在山西被认为有前景的装备制造业的收入、增加值的数据比较,以及旅游业收入、增长率与山西GDP及其人均值和增长率、可支配收入的各项指标排名的较量分析,结果表明:1从实际数值、依赖资源和条件、成长环境看,山西旅游业发展和替代优势远大于装备制造业;2山西旅游业发展及其增速水平要明显高于山西各项经济指标在全国的横向地位;3旅游业在山西具备产业比较和煤炭替代产业优势。根据山西资源条件及旅游业薄弱环节,构建以重点景区为基点的推动地区经济增长的循环路径模式,主要包括:1空间上,开发和充分利用重点景区周围地带,促使旅游业拓展、联盟、聚集和渗透,展现重点景区附近煤矿旅游资源怀旧、休闲、奇特和典型山西风格之价值;2重点景区周边环境经营成具有交友、聚首、消遣娱乐等多项享受时光、集人气活动和功能的场所,针对的消费群体应该多元化;3产业链上开发和表现的重点环节是购物和表演,购买品要以小巧别致的面目印染上山西的文化符号,优先发展消耗型特产。表演要成为以地方曲艺、方言等形式表现山西民俗生活百态的普遍存在。     

The convergence of alternative food networks within “rural development” initiatives: the case of the New Rural Reconstruction Movement in China†

Rural sociologists and geographers have conceptualised different rural development trajectories including “the agri-industrial model”, “the post-productivist model” and “the rural development model”. Alternative food networks (AFNs) are increasingly recognised as a “forerunner” and a critical component of the emerging “rural development model” in the West. Meanwhile, Marsden and Franklin [2013. Replacing neoliberalism: theoretical implications of the rise of local food movements. Local Environment, 18 (5), 636–641] pointed out that there is a “local trap” in the current conceptualisation of AFNs that overemphasises their local embeddedness and heterogeneity. This “local trap” marginalises AFNs and, therefore, hinders their potential for transforming the industrialised conventional food system. The convergence and scaling-up of fragmented AFNs have been recognised as important ways to address this marginalisation issue and thus have attracted considerable attention. However, current studies of the convergence of AFNs focus mainly on the role of food-centred organisations without recognising the role of the emerging “rural development” initiatives in the convergence of AFNs. Based on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of secondary data, this paper uses the New Rural Reconstruction Movement (NRRM), an emerging alternative rural development movement in China, as an example to illustrate how the NRRM opens up a novel space for the convergence of AFNs. We argue that the interrelationship between AFNs and rural development is indeed reciprocal. The NRRM, following the “rural development” trajectory, functions as a hub for the convergence and scaling-up of various alternative food initiatives. Strategies for achieving convergence include constructing a “common ground” for these initiatives, establishing national alliances and organisations, sharing knowledge and exchanging personnel among them.     

Exploring barriers to home gardening in Ohio households

Scholars have noted that race and ethnicity, socio-economic status (SES) as well as other socio-demographic factors may limit participation in local food systems based on the historic and structured patterns of inequalities that remain in communities promoting alternative agriculture and food (agrifood) activities. However, few empirical studies have examined the barriers which prevent people from participating in local food system activities. This paper uses survey data from the 2008 Ohio Survey of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Issues to consider whether barriers such as interest, time, financial resources, geography and space impact the participation of households in home gardening. Results from logistic regression show that SES, the availability of space and housing type are important factors which limit or enable household participation in home gardening. This paper contributes to our understanding of the barriers that prevent households from participating in home gardening, a form of food system localisation that, while a potentially powerful way to transform the agrifood system, has been underexamined in its own right.     

火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌分析与设计方法探讨

给出了火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌的定义,分析了工程结构在火灾作用下的特点,并给出了火灾连续性倒塌判断流程。在介绍目前常用的工程结构抗连续性倒塌分析设计方法的基础上,提出了采用替代路径法中的非线性静力分析方法对建筑结构进行火灾作用下抗连续性倒塌设计的思路。     

Anti-oxidative property of crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice

Local residents who habitually consume cadmium-contaminated rice (Oryza sativa L.) can be exposed to cadmium toxicity in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. This study aimed to investigate an alternative for utilizing cadmium-contaminated rice without compromising their health with hazard risks. First, cadmium (Cd) concentration in rice grain and crude rice oil was determined (0.203 ± 0.030 and 0.007 ± 0.002 mgCd/kg dry weight, respectively). Then crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice grain was studied for its anti-oxidative property using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging approach. Next, quantitative analysis of γ-oryzanol in crude rice oil was conducted. Results indicated that the level of cadmium concentration in the rice grain could cause adverse effects on human health. However, the amount of cadmium in the crude rice oil was safe for consumption. In crude rice oil anti-oxidative property, crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice was significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). The concentration of γ-oryzanol in crude rice oil extracted from cadmium-contaminated rice was significantly higher than that in the control crude rice oil (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates an alternative way to use the rice grown in cadmium-contaminated areas for crude rice oil production for its anti-oxidative properties.     

Classification of the Substances on the Basis of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (ATC)

The acute-toxic-class method (ATC) is an alternative to the classical LD₅₀ test. Four substances were tested with an ATC testing procedure. The results were compared with LD₅₀ data obtained from the literature. Great importance was attached to the observations of toxic signs following administration. The results of this study have shown that the ATC method allows allocation to toxicity classes in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD₅₀ tests. The ATC method uses fewer animals and yields the same information on toxic signs. Introducing the ATC method into the quality system allows estimating the acute oral toxicity of chemicals according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD; OECD, 1992, 1996).     

农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。