MODELED IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT TYPE ON RUNOFF VOLUME AND INFILTRATION PERFORMANCE1

ABSTRACT: Development type has emerged as an important focal point for addressing a wide range of social, cultural, and environmental concerns related to urban growth. Low impact development techniques that rely heavily on infiltration practices are increasingly being used to manage storm water. In this study, four development types (conventional curvilinear, urban cluster, coving, and new urbanism) were modeled both with and without infiltration practices to determine their relative effects on urban runoff. Modeling was performed with a modified version of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) runoff method that enables evaluation of infiltration practices. Model results indicate that urban cluster developments produce the smallest volume of runoff due to the large portion of land kept in a natural condition. Infiltration practices are most effective for small storms and in developments with Hydrologic Group A soils. Significant reductions in runoff can be achieved in all four development types if infiltration practices treat many impervious surfaces. As more infiltration practices are implemented, the differences in runoff among development types diminish. With a strategic combination of site layout and infiltration design, any development type can reduce hydrologic impacts, allowing developers to consider other factors, such as convenience, marketability, community needs, and aesthetics.     

Thermal Pollution Mitigation in Cold Water Stream Watersheds Using Bioretention

This study examines the use of bioretention as a strategy to reduce the thermal impact associated with urban stormwater runoff in developing cold water stream watersheds. Temperature and flow data were collected during 10 controlled runs at a bioretention facility located in Blacksburg, Virginia. It was determined that bioretention has the ability to reduce the temperature of thermally charged stormwater runoff received from an asphalt surface. Significant reductions in peak and average temperatures (p < 0.001) were observed. However, this facility was unable to consistently reduce the temperature below the threshold for natural trout waters in Virginia. The ability of bioretention to reduce runoff volume and peak flow rate also serves to reduce the hydrothermal impact. An average thermal pollution reduction of nearly 37 MJ/m³ was calculated using an adopted threshold temperature of 20°C. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that properly designed bioretention systems have the capability to reduce the thermal impact of urban stormwater runoff on cold water stream ecosystems.     

浒苔生物炭对雨水径流中氨氮的吸附特性及吸附机制

为探究生物滞留池填料（浒苔生物炭）处理雨水径流氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除效果及机制,进行室内批量吸附实验,在对浒苔生物炭进行碱改性（1、2和3 mol·L^-1 NaOH改性,分别标记为BC1、BC2和BC3）基础上,开展改性前后浒苔生物炭对NH₄⁺-N吸附性能研究.结果表明：①适宜浓度的碱改性提高了浒苔生物炭的比表面积和表面微观结构,增加了O元素含量,丰富了表面官能团,其中BC2改性效果最好.②浒苔生物炭对NH₄⁺-N的吸附在pH值9.0和生物炭投加量0.5 g·L^-1时,吸附量最大,BC1和BC2的吸附量比BC分别提高6.4%和10.8%,BC3则降低13.7%,BC2吸附效果最好,饱和吸附量达16.76mg·g^-1.③浒苔生物炭对NH₄⁺-N的吸附机制为单分子层的化学吸附,吸附过程受到生物炭的高pH值、孔隙的静电吸引以及表面羟基（-OH）、羧基（-COOH）和碳氧单键（C-O）等官能团的络合氧化等的促进作用.综上所述,适量的NaOH来改性浒苔生物炭能够提高对NH₄⁺-N的吸附效果,可作生物滞留池的填料来去除NH₄⁺-N污染.     

前期干旱天数对生物滞留系统除氮性能的影响

生物滞留系统是海绵城市建设的优选设施之一,但其对氮素的去除特性受前期干旱天数（ADD）影响较大.通过设计不同ADD（1、2、3、5、7、12和22 d）条件,形成7种恒定干湿交替周期的生物滞留系统,研究ADD对氮素去除性能的影响,并根据不同ADD条件下氮还原酶和微生物种群的空间变化规律,分析ADD对生物滞留系统除氮过程的影响机制.结果表明,生物滞留系统对NH₄⁺-N的去除受ADD影响不显著,但去除率会因填料水力渗透性能和植物生长状况的影响而呈现较大的波动性;当ADD从7 d增至22 d时,NO₃^--N和TN去除率随ADD的增加而减小.ADD在一定程度上影响土壤中硝酸还原酶（NaR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）和羟胺还原酶（HyR）的空间分布;生物滞留系统中氮素转化过程受淹没层含水率调控,且NO₃^--N可通过淹没层中氮还原酶的次第催化还原作用发生硝酸盐异化还原成铵（DNRA）,进而影响NH₄⁺-N的去除.ADD会显著改变土壤微生物群落结构及其空间分布,影响系统对不同形态氮的综合去除能力.其中,较短ADD（1~5 d）条件下,具反硝化能力的Firmicutes为优势菌门,其优势菌属Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1还具有DNRA功能.结果证实,恒定干湿条件下ADD对生物滞留系统中氮素的去除能力、氮还原酶活性以及微生物种群结构空间变化存在一定的影响.