Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826) (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) as a bioindicator of heavy metals

The objective of this study was to assess the potential of the earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826) as a bioindicator for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure. The importance of earthworms in metal pollution monitoring is widely recognized in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the levels of Cd and Pb in soils and earthworm tissues were studied at two locations, Polur Falls and a riverside area located in Abali, in the Elburz Mountains in Iran. At both locations the concentration of Cd and Pb in earthworms was higher than in the surrounding soils and a significant difference was found between the two stations, the latter probably attributable to the (1) amount of pesticides that are used for crop treatment in Abali and (2) presence there of clay, which is known to be rich in Cd. Data indicate that E. tetraedra is an efficient bioaccumulator of Cd and Pb and might act thus serve as a bioindicator of exposure.     

菲和芘对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)细胞色素P450和抗氧化酶系的影响

研究了菲和芘在单一低剂量污染胁迫下对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内细胞色素P450酶系和抗氧化酶系的影响.通过滤纸接触染毒法,检测蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450含量和三种抗氧化酶活性均对毒物产生了不同程度的响应.菲和芘在蚯蚓体内的代谢诱发了细胞色素P450总含量的增加,且在此过程中有活性氧自由基产生.不同酶对毒性效应响应的域值不同,其敏感性大小为:P450＞SOD(POD) ＞CAT.根据四个指标对污染物浓度响应的域值不同,可将四者联合应用互为补充作为一套生物标记物体系,以满足污染物不同暴露浓度下土壤的毒理诊断,增强指示的敏感性和有效性.     

土壤整体质量的生态毒性评价

土壤样品采自沈阳西部污灌区 .进行了污染物 (重金属和矿物油 )含量分析和生态毒性试验 .重金属采用原子吸收分光光度仪测定 ,矿物油采用紫外分光光度计测定 .生态毒性试验分别参照国际标准组织 (ISO)和OECD指南 ,进行了植物毒性试验、蚯蚓毒性试验和蚕豆根尖微核试验 .植物试验以小麦种子发芽根伸长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期50h ,蚯蚓毒性试验以蚯蚓死亡率、体重增长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期28d .土壤中矿物油含量在145mg/kg～1121mg/kg ,重金属Cd为0.34mg/kg～1.81mg/kg .土壤对植物和蚯蚓显示不同程度的毒性效应 ,土壤的蚕豆根尖微核率明显高于对照 .种子发芽根伸长抑制率为2.0%至-35.1% ,蚯蚓死亡率为0%～40%.体重增长抑制率由14d的-2.3%～-19.4%在28d增加到-2.1%～10.7% ,蚕豆根尖微核率最高达6.62/100.研究表明 ,土壤中的污染物积累较低 ,但具有明显的生态毒性 .     

Synchronous municipal sewerage-sludge stabilization

IntroductionThemainpurposeofwastewatertreatmentistoremovesolidsandBODfromthewastewaterbeforetheliquideffluentisreleasedtoaconvenient,nearbybodyofwater.Whatremainstobedisposedofisamixtureofsolidsandwater,calledsludge.Thecollection,processing,anddisposalofsludgecanbethemostcostlyandcomplexaspectofwastewatertreatment.Manydevelopingcountriescannotaffordthecostofthesludgewastingline.Thereforetheaimoftheresearchwastodevelopasystemthatcansimultaneouslyachievewastewaterandsludgestabilizationusinginn…     

接种蚯蚓对红壤氮素矿化特征的影响

在室内恒温培养、间歇破坏性采样的条件下,研究了蚯蚓活动对红壤氮素矿化以及土壤氮素肥力的影响。试验共设置以下四个处理:(1)不接种蚯蚓不施用秸秆的对照处理(S);(2)单接种蚯蚓处理(E);(3)单施秸秆处理(O);(4)蚯蚓 秸秆处理(OE)。分别于培养后的第6,12,18,24,30d进行5次破坏性采样。试验结果显示:在整个培养时期中,无论是否施用秸秆,接种蚯蚓处理(E,OE)的土壤铵态氮含量均较同期相应对照处理(S,O)有显著性提高(p<0.05),到培养结束时,铵态氮含量分别是相应对照处理(S,O)的9.27倍和6.76倍。通过计算不同培养期土壤氮素的矿化速率和累积矿化速率发现,无论有无施用秸秆,接种蚯蚓后(E,OE),土壤氮素矿化速率和累积矿化速率均显著高于(p<0.01)同期相应的无蚯蚓对照处理(S,O),并且在单接种蚯蚓(E)的条件下最高。在整个培养时期中,单接种蚯蚓处理(E)的土壤全氮含量较同期对照处理(S)显著提高了6.7%~32.7%,蚯蚓 秸秆处理(OE)的全氮含量除了在培养第6d外,其它培养时期均较同期单施秸秆处理(O)显著提高(p<0.05)了7.4%~25.4%。     

利用蚯蚓活动改善污泥性状的实验研究

利用赤子爱胜属蚓(俗称红蚯蚓)的活动来改善污泥性状,研究了污泥酸碱性的改变、有机物的降解、浸出毒性的减小和肥效的改善情况.结果表明,蚯蚓处理后污泥的弱碱性得到中和,趋向于中性;污泥COD的降解率达到25.36%,有机质降为44.10%,浸出毒性明显减小;污泥总氮含量大幅增加,肥效得到提高.污泥水溶性有机碳含量大幅减小.     

铜暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶活力的影响

通过溶液接触法和人工土壤法,研究了不同暴露环境中Cu对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)SOD酶、CAT酶和GST酶活力的影响.结果显示:溶液接触试验中, Cu显著抑制蚯蚓SOD酶活力(P<0.05),人工土壤试验中Cu则诱导SOD酶活力增加,预示暴露条件影响蚯蚓SOD酶对Cu的生物响应.人工土壤试验中, Cu暴露浓度与蚯蚓CAT酶和GST酶活力的相关系数分别为0.814和0.933,均存在极显著的剂量效应关系(P<0.001).在这两种暴露环境下,赤子爱胜蚓的CAT酶和GST酶活力对Cu浓度响应敏感.     

Effects of belowground biota on primary and secondary metabolites in Brassica oleracea

Summary. Soil organisms in direct and indirect interaction with plant roots affect aboveground herbivores, likely by inducing different plant responses. We investigated the combined effects of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (in direct interaction with roots) and the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (in indirect interaction with roots) on the performance of Brassica oleracea. Both earthworms and nematodes increased N uptake and shoot biomass of B. oleracea. Earthworm activity mobilized more soil N than litter N, and herbivory by nematodes tended to increase the microbial biomass in soil. Only the structural class of sulphur containing glucosinolates was affected by the soil organisms. Earthworms decreased glucoiberin concentrations in B. oleracea shoots. Glucoraphanin was affected by an interaction between earthworms and nematodes.     

Toxicity assessment for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels （behavior, sublethal, lethal）. In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints （acute, chronic, behavioral）. Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects at concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

白线蚓对蚯蚓处理城市污泥的影响

蚯蚓处理污泥反应器中,常伴大量的白色线蚓(寡毛纲、线蚓科).因此,本文以蚯蚓处理城市污泥为研究对象,初步探讨了白线蚓(Enchytraeus Spp.)接种密度对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisena fetida)处理城市污泥的影响.结果表明,白线蚓的密度显著影响了蚯蚓堆肥后产物的物理化学性质和蚯蚓的生物量.白线蚓接种密度与蚯蚓堆肥产物的pH值、电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)呈负相关;与其总有机碳(TOC)、有效磷(AP)、重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr及Cd的含量呈正相关.同时较高的白线蚓接种密度显著降低了蚯蚓的生长率,但蚯蚓的卵数未受显著影响.由此可知,蚯蚓和白线蚓在反应器中存在食物链竞争关系.本研究建议对蚯蚓处理污泥反应器中的白线蚓采取一定的控制措施.