鼎湖山锥栗种子扩散过程中死亡因素分析

研究了锥栗(Castanopsischinensis)种子扩散过程中死亡的主要因素。实验分为无处理组、鸟类取食组、排除鸟类取食组、排除哺乳动物组和种子袋法。结果表明,扩散前种子主要受栗实象甲(Curculiodavidi)取食和病原体感染,其取食率在鼎湖山3种林型之间显示了较大差异。排除实验的研究表明,锥栗种子在扩散后承受啮齿类、鸟类等动物取食和病原体感染致死的巨大压力,其中无覆盖处理实验组的种子取食平均比例高达93.3%,鸟类对种子取食率约为80%,排除鸟类实验组中的种子平均取食率为92.4%,非哺乳动物对种子的取食在3个林型有差异,但不是显著性的。因此,巨大的种子死亡或丧失是锥栗自然更新率非常低的主要原因。     

Sorption of the natural endocrine disruptors,oestrone and 17 beta-oestradiol in the aquatic environment

Adsorption of hydrophobic contaminants at the particle/water interface is one of the key processes controlling their fate in the aquatic environment. The sorption of the natural female hormones oestrone and 17-oestradiol has been studied under simulated riverine conditions. Both the kinetics and the effects of varying fundamental environmental parameters (e.g. sediment properties) on the thermodynamic equilibrium partition coefficient (K _p) have been studied in continuous and batch sorption experiments, respectively. Results showed that the sorption of oestrone and 17-oestradiol by sediment was relatively slow, reaching equilibrium in 50 days. In addition, relatively small adsorption of both oestrone and 17-oestradiol onto the sediment was observed, with K _p values between 200 and 250 mL g^–1. The comparable K _p values of the two compounds reflect their structural similarity. It can be concluded that the two endocrine disruptors, oestrone and 17-oestradiol remain primarily in association with the aqueous phase.     

Distribution of atrazine in a crop-soil-groundwater system at Baiyangdian Lake area in China

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Enhanced experimental flexibility and control in ecotoxicological mesocosm experiments--a new outdoor and indoor pond and stream system

Scope The German Federal Environmental Agency has put into operation a new modular mesocosm system consisting of eight outdoor and eight indoor ponds and streams in order to investigate fate and effects of chemicals and municipal wastewater in aquatic ecosystems. General design and special characteristics are given to demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for experimental research. - General design. Each of the 16 streams with riffle and pool sections can be varied in length up to 106 m. The streams can be run as circular or flow-through systems at a flow velocity of 0.02 to 0.6 m/s. Physico-chemical standard parameters are measured on-line. The 16 ponds, which can be connected to the stream systems, are equipped with drainage and pore water-sampling devices for simulating processes in the littoral zone including influent and effluent ground water flow. Perspectives Since the highly flexible and controllable construction also allows treating a wide range of hydrological and ecological experiments external institutions are invited to submit proposals.     

灭多威的环境毒理研究进展

本文对近年来有关灭多威的环境毒理研究进行了综述。内容包括，在土壤和水中的归趋；在作物上的残留；在高等动物体内的代谢；对土壤生物群落的影响；对水生生物、天敌和有益节肢动物、高等动物和人以及植物的毒性。     

雌激素在地下环境中的归宿及其生态调控

综述了环境中典型的结合态与游离态类固醇雌激素的来源、危害以及环境归趋,探讨了其在地下环境（土壤和浅层地下水系统）中的吸附、微生物降解等迁移转化过程及其影响因素,总结了常见的环境雌激素处理方法与危害控制措施.最后,针对目前环境中类固醇雌激素在包气带与浅层地下水中的穿透过程及其生态效应研究工作的基础上,对未来相关方面的研究进行了展望.     

Environmental fate and ecotoxicology of propanil: a review

The herbicide propanil, a synthetic anilide, was discovered in 1957 to control grasses and broad-leaf weeds in rice fields. It has been found to disrupt the electron transport chain by inhibiting the photosystem II, thus impacting plant growth. In the environment, photolysis represents a major degradation pathway, whereas volatilization is not a major route of dissipation from either water or moist soils. Propanil is rapidly degraded by microbes into the major degradation product 3,4-dichloroaniline. This degradation product has been highly detected in both groundwater and surface waters throughout the world. Propanil has been found to adversely impact many non-target organisms. It is toxic to some early life-stage aquatic organisms, in addition to being moderately toxic to the water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and rainbow trout. In addition, it has been reported to pose a high acute and long-term risk to birds. In plants, growth rates are highly impacted; however, some plant species are becoming resistant to propanil.     

Release,Dispersion, and Resuspension of Escherichia coli From Direct Fecal Deposits Under Controlled Flows1

Abstract: Water‐quality standards have been placed on fecal indicator organisms such as Escherichia coli in an attempt to limit the concentrations in water bodies. Cattle can be a significant source of bacteria to water systems, particularly when they are allowed direct access to streams. A flume study was conducted to quantify the effect and understand the transport of E. coli from directly deposited cattle manure. Five steady‐state flows, ranging from 0.00683 to 0.0176 m³/s, were studied and loads from a single cowpie exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended water‐quality standards (235 CFU/100 ml) at each flow over the hour study period. Average E. coli concentrations ranged from 10² to 10⁵ CFU/100 ml over the hour sampling period for all flows. High spatial variations in E. coli concentrations were often seen at each sampling time, with higher concentrations typically at the bottom of the flume. E. coli resuspension was initially greater at 0.5 min after deposition, for the lowest flow (10⁵ CFU/m²/s); however, resuspension rates became similar over time, on the order of 10³ CFU/m²/s. This study demonstrates that the concentrations of E. coli can vary over the water column, and therefore grab samples may inaccurately measure bacteria concentrations and loads in streams. In addition, resuspension rates were often high, so the incorporation of this process into water‐quality models is important for bacteria prediction.     

偏远地区大气中持久性有机污染物研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)在偏远地区大气中的分布与迁移已经成为大气POPs研究的热点.基于被动采样技术的大尺度POPs监测网络已经应用于偏远地区大气POPs的研究之中.其研究成果显示,最近50～60年以来,大气中POPs浓度的最大峰值出现在80年代左右,而80年代之后大气中POPs的浓度日趋减小.这说明各国陆续禁用POPs之后,大气中POPs的浓度有显著降低的趋势.受温度和季节性使用的影响,大气POPs的浓度呈现明显的季节性变化特点:有机氯农药的浓度主要表现为夏季高而冬季低;多环芳烃的浓度则主要表现为冬季高而夏季低.基于POPs高挥发性和长距离大气传输的特点,POPs可以在全球范围内广泛分布,而高海拔地区由于气温较低,使其相对于低海拔地区成为了POPs的"接收器".大气POPs分布和迁移受温度、降水、气候事件的影响.而且POPs在大气与不同下垫面之间的界面交换的方向、速度和通量也主要受环境温度和POPs的挥发能力的制约.综合大气POPs迁移与气候因素、界面特点之间的关系建立了多介质、大尺度的大气POPs归趋模型.模型的建立和POPs来源的明确使大气POPs传输机制的研究逐渐深入.此外还讨论了目前大气POPs研究中存在着的一些亟待解决的问题,并提出该领域未来可能的发展趋势.     

Source and Delivery of Nutrients to Receiving Waters in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic Regions of the United States1

Moore, Richard B., Craig M. Johnston, Richard A. Smith, and Bryan Milstead, 2011. Source and Delivery of Nutrients to Receiving Waters in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic Regions of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):965‐990. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00582.x Abstract: This study investigates nutrient sources and transport to receiving waters, in order to provide spatially detailed information to aid water‐resources managers concerned with eutrophication and nutrient management strategies. SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) nutrient models were developed for the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic (NE US) regions of the United States to represent source conditions for the year 2002. The model developed to examine the source and delivery of nitrogen to the estuaries of nine large rivers along the NE US Seaboard indicated that agricultural sources contribute the largest percentage (37%) of the total nitrogen load delivered to the estuaries. Point sources account for 28% while atmospheric deposition accounts for 20%. A second SPARROW model was used to examine the sources and delivery of phosphorus to lakes and reservoirs throughout the NE US. The greatest attenuation of phosphorus occurred in lakes that were large relative to the size of their watershed. Model results show that, within the NE US, aquatic decay of nutrients is quite limited on an annual basis and that we especially cannot rely on natural attenuation to remove nutrients within the larger rivers nor within lakes with large watersheds relative to the size of the lake.