淮南潘一矿塌陷水域沉积物中磷的赋存和迁移转化特征

采用改进的Pesnner分级提取方法,选取淮南潘一矿杨庄塌陷水域为研究对象,对其沉积物磷的剖面赋存形态进行分析,并结合磷的形态组成、有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和铁锰氧化物等分布特征,研究了塌陷水域沉积物中磷的迁移转化特征.结果表明,在淹水农业耕作层上,湖泊沉积相累积明显,自表层而下,各形态磷含量均呈逐渐减少的趋势,总磷(TP)在各层次均值为204.9~343.7mg/kg,其中以无机磷(IP)为主,其含量为163.9~257.2mg/kg,占TP比例达73.3%~81.5%.NaOH-P(85.0~100.1mg/kg,28.6%~41.3%)和HCl-P (63.6~95.9mg/kg,27.4%~30.9%)所占比例较大.根据相关性结果分析,部分HCl-P和有机磷(OP)有向NaOH-P转化的趋势.     

Abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in Tibetan and Yunnan plateau agricultural soils of China

As low oxygen and high ultraviolet （UV） exposure might significantly affect the microbial existence in plateau, it could lead to a specialized microbial community. To determine the abundance and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA） in agricultural soil of plateau, seven soil samples were collected respectively from farmlands in Tibet and Yunnan cultivating the wheat, highland-barley, and colza, which are located at altitudes of 3200-3800 m above sea level. Quantitative PCR （q-PCR） and clone library targeting on amoA gene were used to quantify the abundances of AOA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB）, and characterize the community structures of AOA in the samples. The number of AOA cells （9.34 × 10^7-2.32× 10^8 g^-1 soil） was 3.86-21.84 times greater than that of AOB cells （6.91 × 10^6-1.24 × 10^8 g^-1 soil） in most of the samples, except a soil sample cultivating highland- barley with an AOA/AOB ratio of 0.90. Based Kendall＇s correlation coefficient, no remarkable correlation between AOA abundance and the environmental factor was observed. Additionally, the diversities of AOA community were affected by total nitrogen and organic matter concentration in soils, suggesting that AOA was probably sensitive to several environmental factors, and could adjust its community structure to adapt to the environmental variation while maintaining its abundance.     

黔南州农业土壤重金属现状及评价

对黔南州农业土壤重金属进行抽样调查,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数评价。全州土壤综合污染指数评价属尚清洁水平(警戒级)。瓮安县土壤中重金属含量均较高,三都县土壤中Hg和龙里县土壤中Cd含量较高。蔬菜土中Pb和Hg的污染比水稻土严重,而Cd污染相对较小。在垂直剖面上,耕作层Cd相对富集,母质层Hg相对富集。Cd元素是全州土壤的重点污染元素,对综合污染指数影响最大。初步分析认为土壤中重金属与工业污染及磷肥、复合肥施用有一定关系。     

珠江三角洲典型城市农业土壤及蔬菜中的多环芳烃分布

2003年5月采集佛山顺德区8个乡镇36个土壤以及29个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱.质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAH.)进行分析.结果显示,蔬菜中PAHs的平均含量为183.0μg·kg-1,蔬菜中主要的PAHs为低分子量的菲、蒽、(屈)、芘.萘;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较瓜果、豆荚类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,这主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征.蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量不相关,蔬菜中的PAHs含量与PAHs的辛醇/水分配系数(10gKow)大小密切相关.土壤中PAHs平均含量为233.0μg·kg-1土壤中主要的PAHs是菲、荧蒽、芘、(屈)、苯并[b]荧蒽,多数土壤中PAHs含量高于蔬菜中PAHs含量.土壤、蔬菜中分别以4环、2-3环PAHs占优势.     

酸雨条件下城市农业土壤镉的释放研究

本文选取成都市典型农业土壤为研究对象，根据成都市降雨特征，模拟一定范围pH及主要阴、阳离子浓度配制成母液开展酸雨淋滤实验，以确定酸雨中影响土壤重金属元素镉溶解度的关键因素，探明其对镉释放的影响程度。研究结果表明，总体上酸雨加速了土壤镉的释放。不同类型土壤在同一酸雨条件下，镉的释放速度和最大释放量也不同。酸雨pH值和主要阴、阳离子浓度对镉释放的影响有明显的规律。     

Effects of bile salts and divalent cations on the adsorption of norfloxacin by agricultural soils

The effects of bile salts （sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate, 0-20 mmol/L）, divalent cations （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Zn^2＋, 0-20 mmol/L） or pH （3.0-10.0） on the adsorption of norfloxacin by three selected soils （Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J） were systematically studied. Soil adsorption of norfloxacin follows a pseudo second-order kinetics model, and the maximum adsorption capacity has been determined from the nonlinear fit of the Langmuir isotherm model to be 88.8, 88.1 and 63.0 μmol/g for the adsorption onto Paddy_H, Paddy_G and Red_J, respectively. The results indicate that norfloxacin has a high adsorption affinity for the agricultural soils tested and that the organic content of these soils have at least a slight influence on this adsorption. The adsorption of norfloxacin to soils was strongly dependent on pH and exhibited a maximum at approximately pH 6. The presence of divalent cations prominently suppressed the adsorption of norfloxacin by paddy soils, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋, and by red soil, which followed an order of Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ca^2＋ 〉 Mg^2＋. The adsorption of norfloxacin （by the soils studied） sharply decreased as the amount of bile salts was increased. For uncharged norfloxacin at environmentally relevant pH values, such factors as soil type, exogenous divalent cations and macromolecules significantly altered the environmental fate and transport of norfloxacin between aquatic and soil interfaces.     

超声提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中的多种有机氯农药残留

有机氯农药是一类高毒性、难分解、易残留的化合物,环境样品中有机氯农药残留量在一定程度上直接或间接反映了土壤、水体、植物的农药污染水平.在20世纪80年代我国已禁用有机氯农药,但许多农业土壤中仍有大量残留,严重影响农产品的质量,所以测定土壤中有机氯农药的残留量,对发展我国的绿色农业、有机农业具有重要的意义.     

利用农业土壤固定有机碳——缓解全球变暖与提高土壤生产力

大气CO     

典型设施农业土壤酞酸酯污染特征及其健康风险

采用超声提取、气相色谱-质谱技术和CalTOX模型,分析了南京城郊典型设施菜地土壤中6种酞酸酯的污染特征、污染负荷及其健康风险.结果表明,所有的土壤样品中均检测出酞酸酯,6种酞酸酯的总量为0.15~9.68mg/kg,其平均含量为2.21mg/kg;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DnOP)为该地区设施农业土壤的主要酞酸酯种类,其检出率分别为88.2%、100%和79.8%,含量范围分别在n.d.~1.83、0.02~9.03、n.d.~1.74mg/kg之间;土壤pH值和有机碳含量与土壤酞酸酯含量之间无显著相关性,研究区域土壤酞酸酯总体污染负荷为4.31kg/hm2;健康风险评价结果表明DnBP和DEHP的潜在健康风险较高,设施农业从业者的主要暴露途径通过皮肤接触;设施菜地土壤酞酸酯含量、污染负荷以及健康风险均显著高于周边地区露天菜地土壤.     

东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险分析

研究系统采集了东莞市118个农业土壤样品和43个蔬菜样品进行砷含量分析,研究了土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险。研究发现,东莞市农业土壤砷含量变化范围0.40～28.87mg/kg,平均值12.95mg/kg,远高于东莞市背景值,其中62%的样品砷含量超过国家一级标准限定值,砷含量的变异系数为53.28%,变异程度较大。东莞市各区域土壤砷空间分布不均匀,土壤砷含量平均值大小排序如下:西部平原区环境保护区中部过渡区东南丘陵区。土壤砷主要来源于成土母质,化石燃料燃烧、农药、化肥(磷肥)等工农业活动的输入也不容忽视。东莞市蔬菜砷含量超标比较严重,蔬菜砷对东莞市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。